名词解释：先父遗传、间接遗传，英文拼写“telegony” ,指一种认为后代能继承父母双方中一方的前任伴侣的特征的学说。

Telegony is a theory in heredity, now discredited but widely believed until the late 19th century, holding that offspring can inherit the characteristics of a previous mate of one or both parents. thus the child of a widowed or remarried woman might partake of traits of a previous husband. This was part of the resistance to the marriage in 1361 of Edward the Black Prince, heir to the throne of Edward III of England, with Joan, the "Fair Maid of Kent", who had been previously married: their progeny, it was thought, might not be completely of his Plantagenet blood. The theory, expounded as natural history by Aristotle, was accepted throughout Antiquity and revived with the rediscovery of Aristotle in the Middle Ages. Both Schopenhauer and Herbert Spencer found telegony to be a creditable theory;[1] it was only conclusively proved wrong with modern understanding of genetics. The concept of telegonic impregnation was expressed in Greek mythology in the origins of Greek heroes. Such double fatherhood, one father immortal, one mortal, was a familiar feature of Greek heroes like Theseus, who had a human and a divine father, doubly conceived in the same night. By the understanding of sex in antiquity, the mix of semen gave Theseus a combination of divine as well as mortal characteristics; this explained the hero's more-than-human nature. Sometimes in Greek myth the result could be twins, one born divine of a divine father, the other human of a human sire: see Dioscuri. Of a supposed Parnassos, founder of Delphi, Pausanias[2] observes, "Like the other heroes, as they are called, he had two fathers; one they say was the god Poseidon, the human father being Cleopompus."
先父遗传是一种遗传上的理论，现今它被证明不真实，但是直到19世纪晚期，它还广泛地被相信和接受。这个理论是说，后代能继承父母双方中一方的前任伴侣的特征， 因此寡妇或再婚女人的子女会有她们前任丈夫的部分特征。这是1361年反对“黑太子”爱德华的婚姻的部分理由。爱德华三世的继承人，和琼——“美丽的肯特郡少女”——结婚了，而琼是曾经结过婚的。他们的后代，被认为不完全具有金雀花王朝的血统。这个理论被亚里士多德当作自然科学而精确地作了解释。亚里士多德相信这个理论，而在中世纪对亚里士多德的再认识中，这个理论又复苏了。叔本华和赫伯特.斯宾塞两人都认为先父遗传是可信的，然而它却被现代基因理论完全驳倒了。先父遗传的思想来源于古希腊神话中关于希腊英雄的血统问题。那些同时有一个不朽的父亲和凡人父亲的人，象特修斯一样，一个天神和一个凡人各占一半。由于古代对性的了解，制造特修斯的精液是由来自神的和来自人类的精液的混合体，这就解释了英雄异于常人的地方。有时希腊神话中类似的故事会产生一对双胞胎，一个是神，一个是人，就象“友爱”双神狄俄斯枯里一样。依照帕那萨斯——特尔费的建立者——的假设，帕萨尼亚斯这样写：“象其他的英雄一样，他们被称为有两个父亲，一个是海神波塞冬，另一个是人类父亲克里奥滂浦斯。”

The Gnostic followers of Valentinius characteristically took the concept from the physiological world into the realm of psychology and spirituality by extending the influence even to the thoughts of the woman. In the Gospel of Philip, a text among those found at Nag Hammadi:
Whomever the woman loves, to him those who are born are like; if her husband, they are like her husband; if an adulterer, they are like the adulterer. Often when a woman sleeps with her husband, but while her heart is with the adulterer with whom she is accustomed to unite, she bears the one whom she bears so that he is like the adulterer."[3]
瓦伦廷的诺斯替教徒是将生理学和灵性结合起来的最有代表性的一群人。在菲利普福音书中，这些人在拿哈玛地文集里发现了这样一段话：
谁人得女爱，其子类谁人。女人爱夫君，其子似夫君。倘若爱奸夫，子亦肖其姘。若与夫交接，心念常邪淫，其子女所生，亦必似通奸。

In the nineteenth century, the most widely credited example was that of Lord Morton’s mare, reported by the distinguished surgeon Sir Everard Home, and cited by Charles Darwin.[4] Lord Morton bred a white mare with a wild quagga stallion,[5] and when he later bred the same mare with a white stallion, the offspring strangely had stripes in the legs, like the quagga.
在19世纪时期，被引用最多的例子来自Lord Morton的母马，是被外科医生Everard所发现的，后来又被达尔文引证。Lord Morton把一匹白色母马和一匹种斑马交配，而后他又将同样一匹母马与一匹白色种马交配，它们的后代奇怪地在四条腿上带有条纹，就象那匹斑马。

Although August Weismann had expressed doubts about the theory earlier, it did not fall out of scientific favor until the 1890s, when a series of experiments by James Cossar Ewart in Scotland and other researchers in Germany and Brazil failed to find any evidence of the phenomenon. The result obtained by Morton could probably be caused by the display in the offspring of the recessive genes inherited by the Morton's mare from her parents/grandparents.
虽然August Weismann早先对这个理论表示怀疑，但直到19世纪90年代，这理论仍然获得科学上的支持，直到 James Cossar Ewart 在苏格兰及其他一系列研究者在德国和巴西所做的一系列实验，都未发现有关现象的证据。Morton所观察到的现象可以被解释为后代从它的父母/祖父母身上继承了隐性基因，并表现出性状。

In mammals, each sperm has the haploid set of chromosomes and each egg has another haploid set. During the process of fertilization a zygote with the diploid set is produced. This set will be inherited by every somatic cell of a mammal, with exactly half the genetic material coming from the producer of the sperm (the father) and another half from the producer of the egg (the mother, obviously). Thus, the myth of telegony is fundamentally incompatible with our knowledge of genetics and the reproductive process.
对于哺乳动物来说，每个精细胞都携带着构成后代的一半染色体（单倍体》，卵细胞则携带另外一半。通过受精作用使受精卵形成一个二倍体。二倍体会遗传父母双方每个体细胞的一半基因组，通过精子（来自父亲）和卵细胞（来自母亲，显然）。因此，，先父遗传的神话根本不能与当代遗传学说的知识和生殖过程相容。

Still, the belief in telegony persists among some politically marginal groups, such as White supremacists in the Western world, as well as some other racists and/or religious fundamentalists, e. g., in Russia and other ex-USSR countries. For example, some White supremacists may argue that if a white woman has sex with an African-American man and produces a child of mixed parentage, then subsequently has sex with a white man, the second child will also be born with African-American physical characteristics.
对先父遗传的信奉仍然存在于一些政治边缘团体中，如西方的白人至上主义，以及其它一些，比如存在于俄罗斯和其它前苏联国家中的种族主义和原教旨主义。例如，一些白人至上主义者们认为如果一个白种女子先和美国黑人性交后生下混血儿，然后再与白种男子性交，之后生下的小孩将具有美国黑人的身体特征。

Nevertheless, telegony influenced late nineteenth-century racialist discourse: a woman who had once had a child with a non-Aryan man, it was argued, could never have a "pure" Aryan child again. This idea was adopted by the Nazis.[6]
然而，先父遗传的理论在19实际晚期曾被种族主义者大肆宣说：如果一个女人有了一个非雅利安人种的孩子，她就永远不可能在生出“纯种”的雅利安孩子来了。这个思想曾被纳粹所接受。