翻译技巧--加注
    由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。
音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。例如：
cartoon 卡通片
Hamburger 汉堡包
Benz 奔驰车
clone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法）
sauna 　桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴）
hacker 黑客（在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷）
El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动）
Bunsen 本生灯（一种煤气灯）
AIDS 爱滋病（一种性免疫缺损综合症）
（1） Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?
按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。
*哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。
（2） Big Ben is ringing the hour.大本钟*在当当报时。
*伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。
（3） Pizza is my son's favorite American food. 比萨饼是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。
（4） New York was never Mecca to me.纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。
（5） Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath.
他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。
*巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。
(6) Say you shoot a video that you think is particularly artsy. Beam it out and make a small fortune by charging an untold number of viewers a fee for watching. Peter Jennings would be obsolete.
你拍了一部自认为特别有艺术价值的电视片，那就将此片对外播放，并通过向无数的观众收费挣点钱。这样人们就不再需要著名的新闻播音员彼特·杰宁斯了。.
（7）He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes.
他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店*一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。
*里兹饭店原为瑞士人里兹（1850-1919）开设，以豪华著称。
（8）A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card.
一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克·弗罗斯特*的名片。
*杰克·弗罗斯特(Jack Frost)是英文里对"寒霜"的拟人称号。
（9）"It is true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory," said the General.
将军说："敌人确实赢得了战斗，但他们的胜利只是皮洛士的胜利*，得不偿失。"
*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王，曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战，付出惨重代价，打败罗马军队，由此即以"皮洛士式的胜利"一词来借喻惨重的代价。
（10）Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.
拥有最后发言权的，并非乔治·盖洛普*民意测验，而是南希·里根。
*乔治·盖洛普（1901- ）为美国统计学家。他发明的民意测验方法在西方广为流行。他的名字"盖洛普"也就成了这种测验方法的通称。
（11）You look like AL-Capone in that suit.
你穿上那套衣服，看上去就像个流氓阿尔·卡彭*了。
*阿尔·卡彭是美国历史上一著名歹徒，芝加哥犯罪集团的一首领。
(12) Big Ben is ringing the hour.
大本钟*在当当报时。
*伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。
(13) It is always inspiring to see a brave man fighting for a lost cause, and I never cease to admire the Jacobitish zeal with which year after year Mr. John Ervine carries on a guerrilla war-fare against the ever-increasing power of tobacco.
看勇敢的人为一种无望的事业而奋斗总令人鼓舞。我心里一直钦佩约翰·欧文先生年复一年地以斯图亚特王朝拥护者的热忱，进行游击战般的战斗，来对抗日益增强的烟草势力。
*Jacobitish系Jacobite的形容词形式，指1688年被迫退位的英王JamesII的拥护者，James II王室即所谓的 House of Stuart（斯图亚特王室）
(14) He slipped out of the State Department and crossed the Potomac to Arlington, Virginia, where the civil ceremony took place.
他偷偷溜出了国务院，渡过波托马克河到弗吉尼亚州的阿林顿县，在那里举行了公民结婚仪式。
直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。例如：
Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称）
mad-cow disease 疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病）
Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）
Desert Storm 沙漠风暴（1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动）
（1）It was Friday *and soon they'd go out and get drunk.
星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。
*星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。
（2）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke's excellent article.
我想给阿利斯太尔·库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。
*在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。
(3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday.
他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五*。
*星期五(Friday)是《鲁滨逊漂流记》故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。
（4）The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle.
刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽卡斯尔，多此一举。
*纽卡斯尔：英国煤都。
（5）I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient.
我象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。
*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。
（6） "Oh! Tell us about her. Auntie," cried imogen. " I can just remember her. She's the skeleton in the family cupboard, isn't she?"
"哦，给我们讲一讲她的事儿吧，好姑姑，"伊莫根嚷嚷道，"我几乎记不得她了，她是咱们家衣橱里的骷髅，丑得见不得人，是吗？"
(7) The May-day dance, for instance, was to be discerned on the afternoon under notice, in the disguise of the club revel, or "club-walking" as it was there called.
譬如现在所讲的那个下午里，就可以看出五朔节舞*旧风以联欢会（或者像本地的叫法-游行会）的形式出现。
*五朔节舞：英国风俗，五月一日奏乐吹号，采取树枝、野花、装饰门窗，在草地上竖起五朔柱，围柱跳舞，并选举五朔后。此风古时极盛，现在穷乡僻壤依然可见。
(8) The question she flunked on was: "What is the Constitution of the United States?" The answer she gave was: "A boat."
她答错的一道题是："美国宪法*是什么？ 她的回答却是"一条船。"
*the Constitution of the United States指美国宪法，但它也是美国历史上著名战舰"宪法号"的英文名字。
（9） 'When we alighted at this door, a dispute arose with the driver of the cabriolet-'. A loud scream from his wife, at the mention of this word, rendered all further explanation inaudible.
"我们在门口下车的时候，跟那单马双轮车*车夫发生了一点争执，"说到单马双轮车的时候，他的妻子发出了一声又高又尖的叫唤，使得下面的解释都听不见了。
*单马双轮车是出租马车里"最没有派头"的，所以说不得。(译文在此采用脚注，解释了为什么一听到cabriolet，他的妻子就会发出一声尖叫。在19世纪的英国，只有地位低贱的人才会坐这种马车。在这儿，丈夫不慎说漏了嘴，爱好虚荣的妻子觉得蒙受了耻辱。)
（10）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life-time on the planet.
所有这一切都不会在第一个一百天*内完成， 也不会在第一个一千天内完成，不会在本届政府内完成，甚至也不会在我们这一辈子完成。
*原指美国总统福兰克林·罗斯福执政后推行"新政"的第一个一百天。
(11) At all events the war has done one good thing for us. It's smashed up the power of the aristocracy. The Boer War started it, and 1914 put the lid on.
不管怎样，战争还是为我们做了一件好事，就是把贵族势力一扫而光。布尔战争开始对它有所触动，而1914年的世界大战终于使它荡然无存。
*布尔战争：1899-1902年英国人与布尔人之间的战争。
第5课 翻译技巧--释义
释义（paraphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达。例如： as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉（在古英格兰,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,因此往往会喝得大醉.后人用此成语时,常常重意不重形与典,因此,不必直译为 "像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉",采用释义法即可.）
as rich as Croesus 十分富有(Croesus 是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王,十分富有.如直译为 "像科里瑟斯一样富有",倒让读者十分费解,因为读者不知 "科里瑟斯"为何许人, 并且后人用此词时,常常意重于典,所以不如释义为 "十分富有", 简单明白.)
bring down the house 全场喝彩(不能直译为 "把房子都弄倒了")
（1） It's not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry.
要参加那个俱乐部并非易事──他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百姓。
（Tom, Dick, Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉语中的"张三、李四、王五"。所以，这里不宜直译为"汤姆、迪克、哈里"。）
（2） A Red Light for Scofflaws
玩忽法令之风不可长！
（这是美国Time《时代》周刊1983年一篇文章的标题。red light本意是红灯，指停车信号、危险信号。文中指出美国社会中蔑视法令的现象已到了触目惊心的地步，必须采取措施加以制止。译成"玩忽法令之风不可长"一目了然，言简意明。）
（3） As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two components, one cultural, the other political.
象黑人权力一样，正在蓬勃兴起的印地安人权力运动包括文化运动和政治运动两个部分。
（这里Red Power显然是从Black Power黑权主义，黑权运动]类比出来的。如果译者不释明其义，而直译为"红色权力"，读者定会把它理解为"红色政权"或"共产党权力"。）
（4） Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.
我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。
（"break out of the pot that holds us in"，重意不重形，译为"出人头地"比"打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子"意思来得明白简洁。）
（5） Like many other Southerners, I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue.
像许多其他的南方人一样，我也来到这儿，沿着尤克利德大道的那些根本不可能给我们提供工作的工厂找工作，做发财梦。
（根据英语传说，如果人们找到了彩虹与地面交界之处，并在那儿挖掘，就会挖到一罐金子。但这只是人们的幻想，是根本不可能发生的事情。所以，此处重意不重典，自然这里pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories是指那些根本不可能给南方人提供工作的工厂。）
（6） The study had a Spartan look.
书房看起来很简朴。
（古希腊斯巴达人以生活简朴而著称。可看出，此处重意不重典，所以只用翻译出其意。）
（7） When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一付毫无表情、一本正经的面孔。
（Quaker-Oats是欧美一种有名的麦片商标，商标中画的老头模样毫无表情，我国读者对此并不熟悉。因此，此处意重于形，翻译时得采用释义手法。）
（8） Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。
（a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如"毫无二致"自然。）
（9） She scolded her maid and was as cross as two sticks.她骂斥自己的女仆，而且脾气非常不好。
（如直译为"像两根棍子一样暴躁"，让人不知所云，并且此处重意不重形，翻译时只好采用释义法。）
（10） Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm.
他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。
（文中the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm如直译为"葡萄、蚕和原生质最精良的产物"，难令读者明白其意。这里，grape（葡萄）, silkworm（蚕）, protoplasm（原生质）属于修饰学上的提喻(synecdoche)，用原材料分别指它们的制成品──酒、衣服与人。翻译时只得舍弃原文形象，直接释明其意。）
（11） Little in his childhood suggested he would someday become a bridge across Latin and Anglo cultures.
他童年时代没有表现出他会成为沟通拉丁文化与英国文化的桥梁。
（Anglo culture如直译为"盎格鲁·撒克逊文化"，则不够通俗，典型的英国人常常也被称为"盎格鲁·撒克逊人"。）
（12） Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality.
单词本身并不是客观物体，只不过是代表客观体而已；像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样，标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。
（King's English不能直译为"国王英语"，它是指标准英语，相当于汉语中的"普通话"。）
(13). The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.
那个年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向来往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车。
(thumbed her way 为英语手势语,意为 "站在路边向来往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车",在汉语中没有这种手势语,翻译时只有采用释义法,以便让我国读者明白其意.)
(14). At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast.
他19岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路，普通人认为，只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。
(good as a feast 如直译为 "像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意 "叫人够呛",地道通顺.)
(15) She and her mother are as like as two peas.
她和她母亲长得一模一样.
(as like as two peas 不能译为 "像两颗豌豆一样相似")
(16) Look at the chaps in politics and business, whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice, and getting knighted for it.
试看那些政治上和商业上的家伙们, 他们整个儿的生活都是在风险中度过的,可是都因此封了爵.
( skating on thin ice 如直译为 "如履薄冰", 让人产生谨小慎微的联想, 与原意不符, 故译其意 "在风险中度过".)
（17） Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.
金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。
（Red Brick又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。
(18) Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps.
不言而喻,注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休.
(tug of war 本意为 "拔河", 在此处为比喻用法, 指 "双方势均力敌,争吵不休", 直译显然不妥, 故采用释义法.)

　 翻译技巧--增词
英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。
一、为了语法上的需要
英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。例如：
(1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.
东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。
(2) The sun rose thinly from the sea.
一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
(3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。
(4) I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
(5) It was a nova!
这是一颗新星！
英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气，而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式，翻译时常常须增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。例如：
(1) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。
(2) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。
(3) The old man said, " They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are."
老人说："听人说，从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。"
(4) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。
(5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.
现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如此。
英语的可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有。翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达这一含义。例如：
(1) The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王。
(2) I saw bubbles rising from under the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。
(3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
(4) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。
(5) An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
一个人的一生可以比作一条河流：开始身躯很小，两岸之间非常狭窄，水流湍急，冲过砾石，飞下悬瀑。
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。例如：
(1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would.
我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的，我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去，我算计着他是会醉得够呛的。（增补he would后省略的成分）
(2) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.
她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。
(3) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.
我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。（增补he had后被省略的部分）
(4) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。（增补被省掉的in excess becomes）
二、为了意义上的需要
英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确，例如：
(1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我清醒过来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。（增补动词）(原文虽然没有"发觉"，但译者根据上下文增补了它，使译文意思更加明确、表达通顺。)
(2) He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（译文中增加了三个相应的形容词，形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景，使意思更加明确，表达更加生动。）
(3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。
(4) These soon told her,… how easy it was and how little it interfered with life's affairs to go and see one's grave.
这些人不久便告诉她…去看自己亲人的坟墓是多么容易，几乎一点儿也不妨碍日常生活。
(5) The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood.
此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。
有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词，例如：
(1) These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。（译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词，既使译文意思明确，又使它形成四字词组，匀称整齐。）
英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：
darkness 漆黑一团
madness 疯狂行为
complacency 自满情绪
backwardness 落后状态
(1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.
一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。
(2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.
国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。
有时也有必要增加适当的连词，例如：
(3)Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected？如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？（增补"如果"使得原含蓄条件句中的隐性含义明白无误。）
三、为了修辞上的需要
为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。例如：
(1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting.
可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑。（译文并没有将"hoping and beating"简单地译为"盼望着、跳动着"，而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情人的心情，使人如见其人、如听其声，产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。）
(2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.
他们的主人,（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。（增加语气助词和概括词语）
(3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。（叠词）
(4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him.
她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。(原文And her thoughtfulness!是个感叹句，翻译时增加了副词"多"、语气助词"啊"，准确地传达了原文的句式和语气。)
翻译技巧--减词
减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。
一、 从语法角度进行减省
英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如：
(1) I know my friends from the feel of their faces.
我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。
(2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water.
冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。
(3) John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.
约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。
(4) But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow.
但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。
(5) He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble.
他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。
(6) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers…
史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。
(7) The city has a dense manufacturing population.这个城市有稠密的工业人口。
(8)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.
产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。
(9) The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about near his mother, plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts.
母亲和大女儿在除垄上的草，把旁人甩在后面……二儿子十二岁，从老远的地头把海滩上的沙子装进鱼篮，赶着毛驴驮了回来。他们把黑土掺上了沙子。老四还是个小不点儿，在母亲身边遥遥晃晃转悠着，慢吞吞地拔起杂草，当礼物送给母亲。
(10) Come if you like.高兴来就来。
(11) As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦，睡吧！
(12) I framed the words in my mind: "Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?"
我心里在嘀咕："对不起，我有什么举止行为冒犯你了吗？"
(13). You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are, taking up a wupan, a couple of hundred if they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid.
纤夫拼命拉纤逆流而上时，你就会听见他们唱着较急促的号子。拉五板木船时，或许五六人就行，但当拉着鼓着横帆的大船过急滩时，那就得要二三百人。
(14). If you are a twinkler, you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask in it.
满怀喜悦的人能把阳光带进他所走进的房间，使别人愿意沐浴在这阳光中.
二、从修饰角度进行减省
有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、"文约而意丰"，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：
(1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.
我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(这里，如把 "sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky"直译为"睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌"，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。)
(2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.
她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(此句中有两个 "she was looking at him"，如不作省略而译为"她像平常那样望着她一样望着他"，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。)
(3) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
(4)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
(5) There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.
船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。
(6) The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach.
车辆的代用燃料是我们将要研究的一个问题。
(7) There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider.
蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。
(译文省去 "there are some things that"后，文字简约，表达生动，意思明确。)
(8) In actual fact, the United States is pursuing a policy of encouraging the aggressor…
实际上，美国在推行一种鼓励侵略者的政策……
(9) He was smooth and agreeable.
他待人处事，八面玲珑。
(10) Standing as it does on a high hill, the church commands a new view.
教堂建在高山上，向下眺望，风景优美。
(11) To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.
学习不容易，使用更加不容易。