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2008-07-23 14:34

2. 先下降后上升的句型

…… fell before …… began to make a recovery ……

…… continue the recovery, climbing to ……

…… dropped during …… but increased again in ……

…… fell and then pick up during ……

…… collapsed before rising to ……at the end of ……

3. 起伏波动的句型

…… fluctuated sharply all through ……

4. 波动不大的句型

…… hardly changed through the period between ……and ……

柱状图形的描述

转换为线形图形的描述

饼状图形的描述

对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型:

…… % the …… is/has/have/are ……

…… accounts for ……% of the total

…… takes up ……% in the whole chart

趋势的比较

1. 表示相似的句型 (实例)

Both share prices rose sharply in January.

Neither company has made a profit yet.

Like X, Y fell in June.

X rose just as sharply as Y.

2. 表示差异的句型(实例):

X fell sharply whereas / while Y remained steady.

X fell quickly compared to Y.

Unlike Y, X rose by 10%.

X rose far more dramatically than Y.

3. 表示倍数的句型:

the …… doubled/tripled in …… compared with those in ……

4. 客观比较的句型:

…… is …… in contrast to ……

数据的修饰

1. 表示不足的词或词组:

up to

below

under

almost

nearly

2. 表示超过的词或词组:

over

more than

just over

3. 表示大约的词:

about



contrast: n/v 对比,对照 contrary 相反的,对立的/乖戾的;固执的 reverse 颠倒的

fluctuate

波动,变动,动摇


 
2008-07-23 12:27

Writing P19

Describing graphs

图表作文

对于线性图表的描述

上升

1. 对于上升趋势的描述

a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组:

to increase

to go up

to rise

to grow

to jump

to leap

to soar

to shoot

to pick up

b. 可以使用的名词:

an increase

a growth

a jump

a soar

an upward trend

2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述:

a. 1. a. 中的动词+to+具体数据。

b. 1. a. 中的动词+tothe peak of+具体数据。

c. 1. a. 中的动词+reaching the peak of +具体数据。

d. 1. a. 中的动词+reaching + 具体数据。

e. to peak at 具体数据

f. to climb to + 具体数据

3. 对于上升的程度的描述:

a. 1. a. 中的动词+by 具体数据。

b. 1. a. 中的动词+副词。

下降

1. 对于下降趋势的描述

a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组:

to fall

to decrease

to go down

to slide

to collapse

to decline

to drop

b. 可以使用的名词:

a collapse

a decrease

a fall

a decline

a drop

2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述:

a. 1. a. 中的动词+to+具体数据。

b. 1. a. 中的动词+tothe bottom of+具体数据。

c. 1. a. 中的动词+reaching the bottom of +具体数据。

d. 1. a. 中的动词+reaching + 具体数据。

3. 对于下降程度的描述:

a. 1. a. 中的动词+by 具体数据。

b. 1. a. 中的动词+副词。

对于平稳的趋势的描述,可以使用的动词或动词词组:

to hardly change

to have little change

to keep steady

to level off

to remain constant

to stay the same

表示程度的副词:

1. 程度较大:

considerably

dramatically

greatly

markedly

obviously

quickly

rapidly

sharply

significantly

suddenly

2. 程度较小:

slightly

gradually

slowly

steadily

时间的嵌入

嵌入时间时所使用的介词和介词词组:

in

from……to……

between…….and……

during……and……

at the start of ……

by the end of ……

over ……

at the end of ……

throughout ……

时间’s + 具体数据

上升和下降趋势的组合描述(嵌入了时间和程度之后):

1. 先上升后下降的句型:

...... increased slowly during…… and …… but fell sharply in …….

A steady fall in …… during …… and …… followed the sharp increase in …….

 
2008-07-23 11:57

Unit 2a Stocks & Shares

  股市分析

Nasdaq 100 (Nasdaq 股盘前100)

Stock 股票名称

Div. amount paid out to shareholders for each dollar invested

P/E price / earnings ratio (current share price divided by earnings per share)

Vol 100s number of companys shares traded on previous day

High Low -highest and lowest prices during previous day

Last price of shares at close of previous days business

Chng change in share price compared with previous day

 
2008-07-23 11:56

Vocabulary of Unit1-b

process 加工,办理,用电脑处理

competitive advantage 竞争优势

responsiveness 热诚;有同情心,有应答

feasible 可行的,合理的

ever-increasing 不断增长的

rival 竞争者,可匹敌者

inherent 与生俱来的,固有的

sequential 连续的,相继的;随结果而来的

 
2008-07-23 11:54

Unit 1b Company Structure

Time for the big small company

With speed increasingly seen as the key to competitive advantage , the dream is to marry the control of an established company with the responsiveness of a start-up. As Lynda Applegate reports, advances in IT now mean that the ‘big small’ company is finally feasible .

In the hierarchical companies of the 1960s and 1970s, information moved slowly and channels for communication were limited. Over the past few years, however, large companies have come under ever-increasing pressure to collect process and distribute information more quickly in order to compete with smaller, more nimble rivals . The key challenge facing any sizeable organization today is how to achieve responsiveness without losing the control inherent in a hierarchical structure.

All types of organization are controlled through two sets of processes. Operating processes define how a company produces, sells, distributes and supports its products and service. Management processes define how a company directs, coordinates and controls these operations. Typical management processes include planning, budgeting and human resource management.

     Traditional hierarchical organizations control operating processes through standardization of jobs. These jobs are separated into sequential steps and carried out under direct supervision. However, the line workers lack both the authority and motivation to improve these routine tasks and are limited by their local view of the business. Management processes in such companies are also hampered by the time it takes to recognize that change is needed. Thus, hierarchical control is only truly effective in relatively stable business environments where change happens slowly.

Entrepreneurial organizations, on the other hand, allow fast response without any loss of control. Daily personal interaction between the owner and employees ensures flexibility and responsiveness, while instant feedback ensures effective controls. However, as the company becomes larger and more complex, this control breaks down and more structured operating and management processes are required.

Information age organizations can manage the complexity of the large hierarchical structure without losing the speed of the entrepreneurial start-up. IT plays a critical role. It co-ordinates complex fast-cycle operating process and, more importantly, gives decision-makers quick access to detailed, real-time information about operations and market performance. Once all this information is flowing, employees can quickly evaluate their decisions and continually refine both strategy and operations. Organizational control then becomes a dynamic, information-enabled learning process rather than a static monitoring system.

However, although IT makes the "big small" company possible, it cannot motivate people to use information in order to act on behalf the organizations. The challenge for the organization is therefore to ensure that the managers and the employees share the same perspective on the business and are motivated to accomplish the same goals.

 

 
2008-01-14 13:19

(接上篇)

[1] arise vi.产生,出现,形成(from/out of);升起,上升

[1] assessment 评估

[1] perception 感知,察觉;观念,看法;洞察力

[1] motivate 给……动机,刺激,激发

[1] disparity 不同,不等

[1] explicitly 明白地,明确地

[1] identify 识别,鉴定;视...(...)为同一事物[(+with)];使…参与、合作(with);发现,确定

[1] illustrate 图解

[1] compatible with 能共处的;可并立的;适合的;兼用式的

[1] whilst =while

[1] attribute 属性,特性,特质;把…归因于;认为…是某人所有()

[1] screen vt.甄别;审查;选拔;隐蔽,包庇

Vocabulary

       

       brochure n. 小册子

       extract vt./n. 摘录,提炼,榨取

       英国belbin associates公司 (人才中介)

       阐明 clarify

       specification n. 规定, 说明
  infringement n. 侵权, 违反,侵犯,伤害
  WorkSet n. 工作定向, 定工制, 岗位责任制   workSet system
  job description   n. 职责描述, 岗位说明书
  job brief n. 工作概要, 简要工作布置
  management consultancy 管理咨询公司
  pie chart n. 饼形图
  WorkSet color n. 定工色牌, 定工色块
  re-align v. 重新调整
  peak occupancy   (酒店)入住高峰期
  hierarchy n. 等级制的公司
  superior n. 上级
  project team 项目小组
  technical document 技术资料,技术手册
  users' manual 用户说明书, 用户手册
  clock in and out 上下班打卡 clock on and off
  nine to five 95 (的工作方式)
  leisure group 旅游休闲集团公司
  work flexible hours 实行弹性工作时间
  temp 临时工 temporary employee
  a huge say 有很大的发言权
  initiative n. 主动权

      initiate .开始、创始、开始实施;把初步知识传授给…;a/n.接受初步知识的(),新加入的()
  team leadership 团队领导才能
  workshop n. 研讨班; 培训班
  perception n. 认识, 观念, 看法
  attribute n. 品质, 特性 behavioral attribute 行为特征)
  in-company adj. 公司内部的 = internal (external)
  to screen vt. 筛选, 审查

 
2008-01-14 12:42

                                                                                                                                     BELBIN

Report on Effective Team Leadership Workshop

The aim of this report is to summarise issues arising[1][1] from the recent Team Leadership

Workshop at Ekstorm and recommend appropriate action.

Findings

The workshop began with an assessment[2][2] of how the Ekstrom team leaders understood

their roles. Perceptions[3][3] ranged from assigning and checking other people’s work to

motivating[4][4] others to do the work. This disparity[5][5] clearly showed that the team

leaders had different understandings of their roles and that Ekstrom therefore needed to

communicate its expectations more explicitly[6][6].

In order to do this, Ekstrom identified[7][7] key tasks and used WorkSet colours to illustrate

[8][8]the precise level of responsibility which could be allocated to each. A task such as

communicating with the team, for example, might be approached in a variety of ways:

● I give my staff instructions every morning. (Blue work)

● I let my staff decide on the best approach for themselves. (Yellow work)

● My team and I discuss how to do each job. (Orange work)

Having identified the different possible approaches to each key task, the company was able

to select which was most appropriate and communicate its expectations in terms of the skills

and behavior required.

Conclusions

It is clear that Ekstrom needs to ensure that its team leaders are capable of performing key

tasks in a manner compatible[9][9] with company expectations. However, whilst[10][10] the

appropriate skills can be developed through in-company training, changing behavioural

attributes[11][11] is much more difficult.

Recommendations

We strongly recommend, therefore, that Ekstrom sets up assessment centres where

existing team leaders and new applicants can be screened[12][12] to ensure that they have th

appropriate attributes for effective team leadership.

Barrie Watson

Belbin Associates, February 2000

 
2008-01-14 12:08

本版块内容皆为老葱辛苦整理,请勿转载!谢谢。

Listening vocabulary

Hierarchy 等级制度,统治集团 [-hai’raki-]

Come to terms with 达成协议,妥协,让步

Manual 手册

Work from home 在家工作

Conservative 传统的,守旧的

Clock in and out 打卡上下班

Work a routine nine to five 朝九晚五

Leisure group

On a one year contract

Glamorous 富有魅力的,迷人的 =attractive

Jet in and out 飞来飞去 jet 喷气式飞机

Be on call 随叫随到

In the same job 同行

Social 社会的,社会性的,社交的,联谊的

Temp 临时工

Law firm 律师事务所 accounting firm 会计师事务所

Medium-sized 中型的

A definite job description

Manage the diaries

Correspondence 一致,符合;类似;通信;(总称)信件

Subsidiary 子公司,分公司

In terms of 就……而论,在……方面

Come over 远道而来;顺便来访;抓住

Get on 进展,出人头地

Get along with ...和睦相处; ...方面进展; (多指虽有困难)仍继续使用,应付...

Have a huge say in 有很大发言权

Initiative 主动权

Standardize 标准化 (our work processes are totally standardized as fixed routines)

Make an alteration to改变,变更,修改

 
2008-01-14 11:58

(See Page 6)

Core colours

BLUE WORK refers to tasks an employee has to carry out in a prescribed[1] way to an

approved standard.

Example: machining[2] an engineering component[3] to a specification.

YELLOW WORK involves personal responsibility for meeting an objective. Exactly how the

work is done does not matter too much as long as the goal is achieved.

Example: initiating[4] procedures to reduce costs by 15%.

GREEN WORK refers to tasks that vary according to the reactions and needs of others.

Example: helping the hotel service manager at times of peak occupancy.

ORANGE WORK involves shared rather than individual responsibility for achieving an

objective.

Example: contributing to [5]a management team.

Employee feedback colours

GREY WORK refers to work which is incidental to [6]the job and involves responding to [7]situational needs.

Example: being asked to entertain a visitor.

WHITE WORK refers to any new or creative undertakings[8] outside the employee's

formal duties which may lead to improvements. Example: revising standard customer service

letters.

PINK WORK demands the presence of the employee but serves no useful purpose.

Example: attending meetings where nothing new is learnt and no contribution to decision-

making is encouraged.



[1] prescribe 规定,指定;开药方,(因过期)失效

[2] machine vt.用机器做;(使用工具)按规定尺寸制成[(+down)]

[3] component n.(机器、设备等的)构成要素;零件; a.组成的,构成的

[4] initiate vt.开始、创始、开始实施;把初步知识传授给…;a/n.接受初步知识的(),新加入的()

[5] contribute to 捐献,促成,投稿

[6] incidental 附带的,伴随的,并非主要的;偶然发生的;易发生的,免不了的

[7] respond to 对……有反应

[8] undertaking 事业,企业,工作;保证,承诺


 
2008-01-14 11:01

Unit 1a Work roles 工作职责

Describing work roles

Page 5 of Pass Cambridge BEC Higher Student Book

Speaking:

(1) Work in pairs. Find out the following information about your partner.

                  position

                  responsibilities

                  duties

Reading 1

(2)Read the brochure extract on the opposite page from the management consultancy Belbin Associats.

How does the WorkSet system use color to clarify work roles?

(3) Look at the following pie charts and the WorkSet extract. How does the manager's brief compare

with what the employee actually does.

(4) A manager assigns the following tasks to different workers. Match each verb with one of the four

core WorkSet colour.

BELBIN

What is workset?

     WorkSet is an advanced means of setting up jobs and developing employees in response to [1]the

      changing nature of work. By adopting[2] the use of colours, companies can specify[3] the exact

      level of responsibility to be allocated[4]to the key tasks that form an employee's job description.

      Workset replaces the often static[5] job description with a more dynamic[6] short-term job brief

     [7].

      The employee interprets[8] the manager's brief and uses it as a framework[9] for approaching

     [10]the tasks that make up the job. A feedback and review process then enables the manager to

    keep abreast[11] of what the employee actually does and provides an opportunity to jointly[12]

    assess[13] performance, re-align [14]the job and decide on the development needs of the

     employee.



[1] In response to 对…的反应

[2] adopt 采纳,收养 [-a’dapt-]

[3] specify 具体指定,明确说明

[4] allocate 分配,分派

[5] static 静的,静态的

[6] dynamic 动力的,有活力的 [-dai’n@mik-]

[7] brief 概要,简报,(简要的)情况介绍(会)

[8] interpret 诠释,理解,口译

[9] framework 构架,构造,机构,组织

[10] approach vt. 接近,达到,着手处理;n. 靠近,通道、入口;方法、方式,态度

[11] abreast (朝同一方向)并列,并排;并肩 [-∂’brest-]   be/keep abreast of/wish 保持与…并列

[12] jointly 共同地,联合地

[13] access【电脑】取出(资料);使用;接近; n. 进入,使用的权利

[14] align...排列(成一行),排成直线;使结盟;使密切合作


 
2008-01-14 10:52

      两周前报了一个剑桥商务英语高级班,不学还不知道,原来自己的英语程度这么差来的,果然是学得越多越感觉自己无知,不过早发现早补洞总是好的。我不知道别人的情况怎么样,但就我自己而言呢,由于是中医院校出身,大学里并没有在英语上投入多大精力,现在用的基本都是靠毕业后在外宾医院的两年里和一堆来自五湖四海的老外七说八讲评凑出来的“实用型”英语,虽然发音算是很标准的美式英语,乍一听还挺能唬人的,日常交流也还OK,可是多少有点端不上大台面,而且自己也底虚,一旦到了正式场合就觉得难以开口,阅读商务类文章更加是捉不住重点;而在平时的自学过程中,遇到的最大问题是对于资源的选择,当然自制力不行也是一个方面,想说有压力才有动力果然还是有道理的。这样说起来,虽然花费不菲学费报班学一门自己熟悉的语言有点心疼,但到底还是值得的,毕竟可以在专业人士的指点下有选择的去归纳和整理自己已有的和将要学习的内容,而且对于BEC口试中要求的和parter合作版块也能有所适应。
      在学习的过程中,为了方便自己的记忆,我把课堂笔记加上网上搜来的一些相关内容整理到一起,开始做一份对自己较有针对性的BEC Higher 学习资料,鉴于目前网上BEC Higher 相关的资料有限,而且拼写错误也很多,我决定把自己做的笔记不定期地上传到网上,一方面方便自己随时查阅,一方面也欢迎其他有兴趣的网友浏览,大家共同学习。当然,由于我的水平着实有限,当中错误必不可免,如果哪位高手发现并予以指出,老葱降不胜感激。
      在笔记整理过程中,老葱花费不少搜集资料和纠错,所以希望看到看到各网友不要转载这些资料,如实有需要,也请事先知会老葱一声,万分感谢。

 
 
   
 
 
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