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[转帖]商务笔译总结
2008-06-18 13:32

戴丽娜Diana~  

一.公文副詞

但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如:
从此以后、今后:hereafter;
此后、以后:thereafter;
在其上:thereon hereupon;
在其下:thereunder;
对于这个:hereto;
对于那个:whereto;
在上文:hereinabove, hereinbefore;
在下文:hereinafter, hereinbelow;
在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore;
在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.

现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。
例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.
例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.

二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
英译商务合同时,常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语,用典型实例论述如下。
2.1. shipping advice 与 shipping instructions
shipping advice 是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。

2.2. abide by 与 comply with
abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。
例 3:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.

2.3. change A to B 与 change A into B
英译“把 A 改为 B”用“change A to B”,英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”,两者不可混淆。
例 4:交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.

2.4. ex 与 per
源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。
例 5:由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。
The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)

2.5. in 与 after
当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。
例 6:该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。
The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel

2.6. on/upon 与 after

当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。
例 7:发票货值须货到付给。
The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.

2.7. by 与 before
当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。
例 8:卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。
The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。)


三、慎重处理合同的关键细目
实践证明,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。

3.1. 限定责任
众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。

3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.

3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。
例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
3.2. 限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
3.2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于 5 月 1 日,支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于 12 月 15 日,你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
3.2.3 include 的相应形式
常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。
例 14:本证在北京议付,有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。
3.3. 限定金额
为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”.意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。
必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。

信函用词
According to In accordance with/ as per
Before In advance of/ prior to
copy Duplicate
tell Inform/ advice
send dispatch
or otherwise
so therefore
about In connection with/in view of
With the letter/ 随函附上 Herewith
In the sheet/单中包括 In the sheet
在我方同….交易中 In our trade with…
中文敬词:
兹 获悉 承蒙 均 事宜 本函 鉴于
对方公司:尊 雅 贵 惠
自己公司:敝 鄙 英文敬词:
sincerely, faithfully, kindly, cordially, respectfully, unfortunately

收到对方来函时:
贵函收悉
We admit receipt of your letter
表示通知对方时:
特此奉告
特此函告
We are pleased to inform you
Notice is hereby given that…
回复对方来信时用 In reply to your letter of(+日期)
请速回复 Your prompt reply would appreciated
随函附上 Enclosed please find…..
兹报盘 We offer you
如果贵方。。。 Should you…
敬请 It would be appreciated if you could send us your shipping instrument
非常感谢 We are obliged to Jones for having recommended…..
贵方会按期发货 You will see to it that the order is shipped within the stipulated time
敬请告知 Your information would be appreciated as to the…..
承蒙贵言 We are obliged for your letter of…
不利消息: Much to our regret/ I regret to say that…
有利消息: Much to our delight/ I’d like to inform…/It’s a pleasure for me to…

专业用词

装运单证 Shipping document
形式发票 Performa invoice
报价 quotation
最高限额 Ceiling
险种 Coverage
汇票 draft
凭 against
船(停靠) Call at
副本 Duplicate
反还盘 Counter-suggestion
提货单 Bill of lading
即期汇票 Slight draft
空运提单 Air waybill
到岸价格 CIF value

专业用词

销售/购货合同 Sales/purchase contract
技术转让合同 Contract for technology transfer
合资或合营合同 Contract for joint venture/ joint production
补偿贸易合同 Contract for compensation trade
国际工程承包合同 Contract for International Engineering Projects
代理协议 Agency Agreement
来料加工合同 Processing Trade Contract
多种贸易方式相结合的合同 Contract for Different Trade Forms
涉外信贷合同 Contract for Credit Loans
国际BOT投资合同 Contract for International Build-Operate-Transfer
国际租赁合同 Contract for International Leasing Affairs
聘请雇员合同 Employment Contract
标的物 Subject matter
授权代表 Authorized representatives

合同用词

允许 Approve/permit
自。。。日起 As from
按照 As per/ in accordance with/under/subject to
转让 assign
权利 authority
开始 commence
解释 Constitute
召集会议 Convene
代替 In lien of
临时 Interim
义务/责任 Obligation/liability
关于 Pertaining to / in respect to
请求 Purchase/procure
纠正 Revise/rectify
上述 said
赞同 Grant consent to
使作废 Cause annulment to
申请 Give application to
许可 Give approval of
协助 Give assistance to
签订合同 Sigh the contract
平等互利,友好协商 Equality, mutual benefit and friendly consultation
合同双方/当事人 Both parties to the contract
违约 Breach the contract
违约方 Breaching party
守约方 Observant party
违约责任 liability for breach of the contract
条件/条款 Terms and conditions
赔偿损失 Compensate for the loss
披露保密信息 Disclose the confidential information
终止合同 Terminate the contract
不可抗力 Force majeure

生效 Come into effect/force
约束力 Binding force
一式两份 In duplicate
诉讼 Action
上诉 appeal
当事人 Parties
违反 Infringement
授权 Warrant
损失 Damages
构成 Constitution
承担损失 Claim the compensation
修改 Amendments and revisions
当。。时候 As and when
Fulfill or perform
无效 Null and void
条件 Terms and conditions
提供 Furnish and provide
由。。。双方 By and between
Free and clear
惯例 Use and wont
债务 Claims and debt
惯例 Customs and usage
Fixed and settled
条款和惯例 Provision and stipulation
效力 Effect and applicability
**和**特签订合同…. The contract is made by and between the seller and buyer
本合同一式两份, 分别以…书写 This contract is made out in two original, each copy written in Chinese and English languages.
有下列情形之一的,不得就损失赔偿 Where one of the following happens, no claim shall be claimed
没有采取措施防止损失扩大的,应该承担对损失的赔偿责任 The party that fails to take any measure to prevent the loss from expanding should compensate….
仲裁 Arbitration
争议解决 Settlement of the dispute

戴丽娜Diana~ 2008-06-18 01:45
终于贴完了, 这是我们当时考试的时候,整理的,非官方,希望对你们有用


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