您正在查看 "《一生的学习》" 分类下的文章 2009/02/01 6:32 如果一个人环游世界,他将注意到,不论在印度、美洲、欧洲或是澳洲,人的本性是多么地相似。在学院、大学里,情形尤其如此。我们好像用着模型制造出一种人的典型——以寻求安全感、成为重要人物,或尽可能少思考而过着舒服日子,为其主要关心的目标。
传统的教育,使独立思考变得极端困难。附和顺从导致了平庸。如果我们崇尚成功,那么要异于众人,或是反抗环境便非易事,而且可能是危险的。想要成功的动力——这是追求物质或所谓精神上的报偿、寻求内在或外在的安全感、寻求享乐的欲望——这整个过程都会阻碍了“不满之情”,遏制了自发创造、滋生了恐惧;而恐惧,则阻碍了我们对生活加以明智地了解。随着年龄的增加,心灵便冷漠迟滞了。
当我们寻求舒适时,通常会在生活里找到一处最没有冲突的安静角落。于是,我们便惧于跨出这块隐蔽的地方。这种对生活、对奋斗、对新经验的恐惧,扼杀了我们心中的冒险精神。我们一切的环境教养与教育都促使我们不要异于他人,唯恐自己的思想与社会上的模式相左,使我们对权威和传统给予错误的尊敬。
幸好,有些认真的人,愿意摒除左派或右派的偏见,而探究有关人类的问题。然而,我们绝大部分的人,都没有真正的“不满之情”,真正的反抗之心。当我们对于环境不加以了解便屈服于其中,则我们可能具有的任何反抗之心便逐渐熄灭了。不久,我们的种种责任更使它完全死绝。
反抗有两种。一种是暴力的反抗。这仅是对于既存的秩序不加了解的一种反作用而已。另一种是深入的、充满了智慧的心理反抗。有许多人反抗既存的正统规范,却又落入新的正统规范,落入了更进一步的迷惘和巧加隐饰的自溺自满之中。一般来说,我们总是脱离某一群人或某一组理想,而加入另一群人,背上另外的理想,如此地制造了新的思想模式;而对于这项思想模式,我们则必须再起而反抗。反作用只会产生对立,而改革则需要再度的改革。
然而有一种明智的反抗,它并非反作用,而是由于一个人对他自己的思想、情感加以觉察,因而随着自我认识而产生。唯有当一种经验来临时,我们面对它,而不避开它所带来的骚扰,如此我们才能使智慧保持高度的觉醒;而高度觉醒的智慧就是直觉,它是生活中唯一的向导。
那么,什么是生活的意义?我们为何生存,为何奋斗?如果我们受教育仅是为了出名,找到一份更好的工作,变得能支配他人,那么,我们的生活将是肤浅而空洞的。如果我们受教育只是为了成为科学家,成为死守书本的学者,或成为沉迷于某种知识的专家,那么,我们将助长世界上的毁灭与不幸。
虽然生活确有更高更广的意义,然而,如果我们未曾发现它,那么教育又有什么价值呢?我们可能受到高等的教育,然而,如果我们的思想和情感不能融为完整的一体,则我们的生活将是残缺的、矛盾的,被许多恐惧所折磨;一旦教育没有培养我们对生活持有一个完整的看法,它便没有多大的意义。
在目前的文明世界里,我们把生活分成如此繁多的部门,以至于教育除了是学习一种特定的技术职业之外,便没有多大的意义。教育不但没有唤醒个人的智慧,反而鼓励个人去沿袭某种模式,因而阻碍了个人,使他无法将自身作为一项整体的过程来加以了解。将生活上的许多分门别类的问题,尝试着在它们个别的层次里加以解决,这表示完全欠缺了解。
个人是由不同的实体(entities)所组成的,然而,强调它们的差异之处,而鼓励某种特定类型的发展,则导致诸多的纷乱与矛盾。教育应该使得这些分离的实体完整合一——因为如果欠缺了完整性,生活便成了一连串的冲突和悲哀。如果我们争讼持续不休,那么,被训练成律师又有什么价值?如果我们的混乱延续不止,那么,知识有何价值?如果我们利用技术上和工业上的能力来互相毁灭,那么,它们有何意义?如果我们的生活导致暴力与不幸,那么,它又有什么意思呢?虽然我们或许富有,或有能力赚取财富,虽然我们享有欢乐,拥有组织化的宗教,我们却生活在无止境的冲突中。
我们必须对“私人”和“个人”加以区别。“私人”是偶然性的;我所谓的偶然性,意指我们出生时的境遇与情况,我们凑巧生长于其中的环境,以及随环境而来的爱国心、迷信、阶级的区分与偏见。“私人”或“偶然性”只是暂时性的,虽然这一短暂的时刻可能持续一生。由于现在的教育制度是以“私人”、”偶然性的“、”暂时性的”为基础,所以它导致思想的腐化,以及对自我防御性恐惧的谆谆教诲。
我们大家都被教育和环境所训练,而寻求私人的利益和安全,为我们自己而奋斗。虽然我们用美丽的言辞加以掩饰,然而,我们都是在一个基于剥削与因恐惧而贪得无厌的制度下被教育着来从事各种职业。这种训练,必会为我们自己以及世界带来混乱与不幸,因为它在每一个人的心中制造了心理上的障碍,使得他与别人分离。
教育,并非只是用来训练心智。训练提升了效率,然而却无法造就一个圆满的个人。一个只知接受训练的心智,只是过去的延续,这样的心智无法发现新的事物。所以,为了要找出何谓正确的教育,我们必须探寻生活的全部意义。
整体的生活意义对我们大部分人来说,并非是最重要的事,而我们的教育所强调的是次要的价值,仅仅使我们熟谙了某个部门的知识而已。虽然知识和效率是必须的,然而,把它们作为主要事物而加以强调的结果,则只会造成冲突与混乱。
有一种由爱所启发的效率,它行得更远,比野心所造成的效率来得更伟大;如果没有爱——它使我们对生活有完整无缺的了解——效率便滋生了残暴与无情。现在整个世界上,情形不正是如此吗?我们现行的教育,是以发展效率为其主要目标,因此它便和工业化、战争相衔接;而我们便陷于这个无情竞争与互相毁灭的大机器里。如果教育导致战争,如果教育教导我们去毁灭他人或被他人毁灭,它不是完全失败了吗?
要建设正确的教育,显然的,我们必须把生活当做一个整体来了解它的意义,而要做到这一点,我们必须要能够思考,不是指顽固不变、死守理论的思考,而是直接地、真实地思考。一个顽固不变、死守理论的思考者,是一个不假思索的人,因为它遵循着一个模式;他重复着说过的话,循着一个窠臼去思考。我们无法抽象地或根据理论来了解生活。了解生活,就是了解我们自己。而教育的全部内容就在于此。
教育并非只是获取知识,聚集事实,将之编集汇合;教育是把生活当做一个整体而明白其中的意义。然而,整体能经由“部分”加以了解——可是这却是政府、组织化的宗教、独裁政党所尝试的工作。
教育的功用在于培养完整的人,因而是具有智慧的人。我们可能获有学位,具有像机械似的效率,然而却没有智慧。智慧并非只是一些常识;它并非来自书本,它也不是机巧的自我防御的反应,或具侵略性的断言。一个没有读过书的人,可能比一个博学的人更有智慧。我们把考试和学位当作衡量智慧的标准,而培育了一种躲避人生重大问题的心智。智慧是对于根本事物、现在存在的事物的了解能力;而所谓教育,便是在自己以及别人身上唤醒这项能力。
教育,应该帮助我们发现恒久不灭的价值,使我们不至于只依附公式或重复口号;教育应该帮助我们拆除在国籍和社会上所竖起的栅栏,而非强调它们,因为这些栅栏在人与人之间,造成了对立。不幸的是,现行教育制度正促使我们变得卑屈,变得机械化,变得毫不思考,虽然教育唤醒我们的智力,然而,它使我们的内心残缺不全、矛盾、没有创造力。
对生活如果没有整体性的了解,则我们个人的或集体的问题只有加深、加广。教育的目的,并非制造学者、专家、寻找工作的人,而是培养完整的男男女女,使他们从恐惧之中解脱出来;因为唯有在这样的人之中,才有持久的和平。唯有了解我们自己本身时,恐惧才会终止。如果每一个人想在每一刻里澄清他的生活,如果他想对生活上纷杂的事物、生活上的灾难、生活上突然降临的苛求,他便必须更具弹性,因此,他必须不为种种理论或某种特定的思考模式所束缚。
教育,不应该鼓励个人去附和社会,或与社会消极地和谐相处,而是要帮助个人去发现真正的价值——它是经由公正不偏的探讨和自我觉悟而来。如果没有自我认识,则自我表现便成为自我肯定,以及其所含的种种因野心和侵略性而造成的冲突。教育,应该唤醒一个人自觉的能力,而非只耽溺于满足自己的自我表现。
如果在生活的过程中,我们互相毁灭,那么学识又有什么用呢?一连串残酷的战争,一次紧接着一次地爆发,显然在我们培养孩子的方式里,有某种根本上的错误。我想大部分人对此都有所觉察,然而,我们却不知道该如何加以处置。
制度——不论是教育上或政治上——的改变并不神奇;当我们自身发生了变化,它们便改变了。个人才是最重要的,而非制度;一旦个人不了解他自身的整体过程,那么任何制度——不论是左派或右派的——都无法为这个世界带来秩序与和平。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 1 'EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE '
When one travels around the world, one notices to what an extraordinary degree human nature is the same, whether in India or America, in Europe or Australia. This is especially true in colleges and universities. We are turning out, as if through a mould, a type of human being whose chief interest is to find security, to become somebody important, or to have a good time with as little thought as possible.
Conventional education makes independent thinking extremely difficult. Conformity leads to mediocrity. To be different from the group or to resist environment is not easy and is often risky as long as we worship success. The urge to be successful, which is the pursuit of reward whether in the material or in the so-called spiritual sphere, the search for inward or outward security, the desire for comfort - this whole process smothers discontent, puts an end to spontaneity and breeds fear; and fear blocks the intelligent un- derstanding of life. With increasing age, dullness of mind and heart sets in.
In seeking comfort, we generally find a quiet corner in life where there is a minimum of conflict, and then we are afraid to step out of that seclusion. This fear of life, this fear of struggle and of new experience, kills in us the spirit of adventure; our whole upbringing and education have made us afraid to be different from our neighbour, afraid to think contrary to the established pattern of society, falsely respectful of authority and tradition.
Fortunately, there are a few who are in earnest, who are willing to examine our human problems without the prejudice of the right or of the left; but in the vast majority of us, there is no real spirit of discontent, of revolt. When we yield uncomprehendingly to environment, any spirit of revolt that we may have had dies down, and our responsibilities soon put an end to it.
Revolt is of two kinds: there is violent revolt, which is mere reaction, without understanding, against the existing order; and there is the deep psychological revolt of intelligence. There are many who revolt against the established orthodoxies only to fall into new orthodoxies, further illusions and concealed self-indulgences. What generally happens is that we break away from one group or set of ideals and join another group, take up other ideals, thus creating a new pattern of thought against which we will again have to revolt. Reaction only breeds opposition, and reform needs further reform.
But there is an intelligent revolt which is not reaction, and which comes with self-knowledge through the awareness of one's own thought and feeling. It is only when we face experience as it comes and do not avoid disturbance that we keep intelligence highly awakened; and intelligence highly awakened is intuition, which is the only true guide in life.
Now, what is the significance of life? What are we living and struggling for? If we are being educated merely to achieve distinction, to get a better job, to be more efficient, to have wider domination over others, then our lives will be shallow and empty. If we are being educated only to be scientists, to be scholars wedded to books, or specialists addicted to knowledge, then we shall be contributing to the destruction and misery of the world.
Though there is a higher and wider significance to life, of what value is our education if we never discover it? We may be highly educated, but if we are without deep integration of thought and feeling, our lives are incomplete, contradictory and torn with many fears; and as long as education does not cultivate an integrated outlook on life, it has very little significance.
In our present civilization we have divided life into so many departments that education has very little meaning, except in learning a particular technique or profession. Instead of awakening the integrated intelligence of the individual, education is encouraging him to conform to a pattern and so is hindering his comprehension of himself as a total process. To attempt to solve the many problems of existence at their respective levels, separated as they are into various categories, indicates an utter lack of comprehension.
The individual is made up of different entities, but to emphasize the differences and to encourage the development of a definite type leads to many complexities and contradictions. Education should bring about the integration of these separate entities - for without integration, life becomes a series of conflicts and sorrows. Of what value is it to be trained as lawyers if we perpetuate litigation? Of what value is knowledge if we continue in our confusion? What significance has technical and industrial capacity if we use it to destroy one another? What is the point of our existence if it leads to violence and utter misery? Though we may have money or are capable of earning it, though we have our pleasures and our organized religions, we are in endless conflict.
We must distinguish between the personal and the individual. The personal is the accidental; and by the accidental I mean the circumstances of birth, the environment in which we happen to have been brought up, with its nationalism, superstitions, class distinctions and prejudices. The personal or accidental is but momentary, though that moment may last a lifetime; and as the present system of education is based on the personal, the accidental, the momentary, it leads to perversion of thought and the inculcation of self-defensive fears.
All of us have been trained by education and environment to seek personal gain and security, and to fight for ourselves. Though we cover it over with pleasant phrases, we have been educated for various professions within a system which is based on exploitation and acquisitive fear. Such a training must inevitably bring confusion and misery to ourselves and to the world, for it creates in each individual those psychological barriers which separate and hold him apart from others.
Education is not merely a matter of training the mind. Training makes for efficiency, but it does not bring about completeness. A mind that has merely been trained is the continuation of the past, and such a mind can never discover the new. That is why, to find out what is right education, we will have to inquire into the whole significance of living.
To most of us, the meaning of life as a whole is not of primary importance, and our education emphasizes secondary values, merely making us proficient in some branch of knowledge. Though knowledge and efficiency are necessary, to lay chief emphasis on them only leads to conflict and confusion.
There is an efficiency inspired by love which goes far beyond and is much greater than the efficiency of ambition; and without love, which brings an integrated understanding of life, efficiency breeds ruthlessness. Is this not what is actually taking place all over the world? Our present education is geared to industrialization and war, its principal aim being to develop efficiency; and we are caught in this machine of ruthless competition and mutual destruction. If education leads to war, if it teaches us to destroy or be destroyed, has it not utterly failed?
To bring about right education, we must obviously un- derstand the meaning of life as a whole, and for that we have to be able to think, not consistently, but directly and truly. A consistent thinker is a thoughtless person, because he conforms to a pattern; he repeats phrases and thinks in a groove. We cannot understand existence abstractly or theoretically. To understand life is to understand ourselves, and that is both the beginning and the end of education.
Education is not merely acquiring knowledge, gathering and correlating facts; it is to see the significance of life as a whole. But the whole cannot be approached through the part - which is what governments, organized religions and authoritarian parties are attempting to do.
The function of education is to create human beings who are integrated and therefore intelligent. We may take degrees and be mechanically efficient without being intelligent. Intelligence is not mere information; it is not derived from books, nor does it consist of clever self-defensive responses and aggressive assertions. One who has not studied may be more intelligent than the learned. We have made examinations and degrees the criterion of intelligence and have developed cunning minds that avoid vital human issues. Intelligence is the capacity to perceive the essential, the what is; and to awaken this capacity, in oneself and in others, is education.
Education should help us to discover lasting values so that we do not merely cling to formulas or repeat slogans; it should help us to break down our national and social barriers, instead of emphasizing them, for they breed antagonism between man and man. Unfortunately, the present system of education is making us subservient, mechanical and deeply thoughtless; though it awakens us intellectually, inwardly it leaves us incomplete, stultified and uncreative.
Without an integrated understanding of life, our individual and collective problems will only deepen and extend. The purpose of education is not to produce mere scholars, technicians and job hunters, but integrated men and women who are free of fear; for only between such human beings can there be enduring peace.
It is in the understanding of ourselves that fear comes to an end. If the individual is to grapple with life from moment to moment, if he is to face its intricacies, its miseries and sudden demands, he must be infinitely pliable and therefore free of theories and particular patterns of thought.
Education should not encourage the individual to conform to society or to be negatively harmonious with it, but help him to discover the true values which come with unbiased investigation and self-awareness. When there is no self-knowledge, self-expression becomes self-assertion, with all its aggressive and ambitious conflicts. Education should awaken the capacity to be self-aware and not merely indulge in gratifying self-expression.
What is the good of learning if in the process of living we are destroying ourselves? As we are having a series of devastating wars, one right after another, there is obviously something radically wrong with the way we bring up our children. I think most of us are aware of this, but we do not know how to deal with it.
Systems, whether educational or political, are not changed mysteriously; they are transformed when there is a fundamental change in ourselves. The individual is of first importance, not the system; and as long as the individual does not understand the total process of himself, no system, whether of the left or of the right, can bring order and peace to the world. |
2009/02/01 5:49 无知的人并不是没有学问的人,而是不明了自己的人。当一个有学问的人依赖书本、知识和权威,借着它们以获取了解,那么他便是愚蠢的。了解是由自我认识而来,而自我认识,乃是一个人明白他自己的整个心理过程。因此,教育的真正意义是自我了解,因为整个生活是汇聚于我们每个人的身心。
目前我们所谓的教育,只是由书本聚集见闻、知识,这是任何懂得阅读的人都办得到的。这种教育提供了一条巧妙的逃避自我之途,如同其他所有的逃避方式一样,它无可避免地制造出有增无减的苦难。冲突和混乱,是由于我们和他人、事物、概念之间差错的关系而产生,除非我们了解此项关系而改变了它,否则,仅仅知识的学习和堆砌,各种技能的获取,都只会将我们导向更深的混乱和毁灭。
在我们现在的社会里,我们将子女送入学校,学习一些技能,借此在来日谋生。我们对孩子最急切的渴望,就是将他塑造成一个专家,希望给予他一个安全的经济地位。然而,技术的训练能使我们了解自己吗?
虽然,显而易见的,懂得念书写字、学习土木工程或其他某种职业,是必需的,然而技术能给予我们了解生活的能力吗?技术,无疑,是次要的;如果技术是我们唯一奋力以求的东西,那么我们就摒弃了生活中最主要的东西了。
生活,是痛苦、喜悦、美、丑、爱,一旦我们将它整体地加以了解,那么这项了解在各方面都会创造出它应有的技术。不过,相反的说法就不是真的了:技术永远无法产生创造性的了解。
今日的教育已全盘的失败,因为它过分强调了技术。由于这种技术的过分强调,我们便毁灭了人。磨练技能和效率,然而对生活却不了解,对思想,欲望的行踪不能领悟,只会使我们变得日益残暴无情,以至于触发战争,危害了我们肉体上的安全。由于单单培养技术,已经制造出许多科学家、数学家、造桥工程师、征服太空的人,但这些人了解生活的整体过程吗?一个专家能把生活加以整体地体验吗?唯有当他不是专家时,这才有可能。
技艺上的进步,在某种层面上,确实为某些人解决了某些问题,然而,它也带来了更深更广的问题。生活在某种层面里,而忽略了生活的整体过程,必然会招致不幸与毁灭。每一个人最大的需要和最迫切的问题,乃是对生活要有整体的了解,这才足以使他面临生活上日益增加、错综复杂的问题。
技术上的知识虽然重要,它却不能解决我们内心的压力和心理上的冲突;由于我们获得了技术上的知识,而缺乏对生活整体过程的了解,所以技术变成了一种毁灭的手段。一个知道如何分裂原子,而内心却没有爱的人,便成了一只恐怖的怪物。
我们依照自己的才能而选择一项职业;然而,遵循一项职业就能使我们免于冲突和混乱吗?某种技术的训练似乎是必须的;但是,当我们个个都变成工程师、物理学家、会计师之后——又怎样了呢?从事一项职业便是生活吗?显然我们大部分人都以为如此。我们的职业可以使我们在一生中的大部分时间里保持忙碌;然而,我们所制造出来却使我们如此着迷的种种东西,却正好引起了毁灭与不幸。我们的态度和价值观念,将一切事物和职业变成妒嫉、痛苦和仇恨的工具。
只有工作而不了解自己,会导致挫折,以及因为挫折,而进行各种有害的活动以及逃避的种种方式。只有技术而没有了解,会导致仇恨与残暴——这些我们却用听来悦耳的言辞加以掩饰。如果技术与效率的结果是自相毁灭,那么强调它们又有何价值呢?我们的技术进步是神奇的,然而它只增强了我们互相毁灭的能力,而在世界各处,却存在着饥馑与贫穷。我们并不和平、快乐。
一旦“功能”凌驾一切,生活便变得沉闷、无聊,成为一种机械似的、贫乏的例行公事,使我们逃入各色各样的娱乐消遣中。聚集知识与发展能力——这是我们所谓的教育——使我们无法获得充实的完整生活与行动。由于我们不了解生活的整体过程,所以便紧紧抓住能力和效率——它们也就变得如此地重要了。然而,“整体”无法经由“部分”来了解;它只能借着行动和经验来了解。
注重培养技术的另一个因素,是它给予我们一种安全感,不仅是经济上的安全感,而且是心理上的安全感。知道自己有能力,有效率,足以使我们心安。知道自己会弹琴,或会造房子,使我们有一种活力感,一种逼人的独立感。然而。由于渴望心理上的安全而强调了能力,这是摒弃了充实的生活。生活的整个内容无法预知,它必须在每一时刻加以重新体验;我们对未知的事物有所恐惧,所以,我们以体系学说、技术、信仰,为自己建立了心理上的安全地带。只要我们寻求着内心的安全,则生活的整体过程,将无法被我们所了解。
正确的教育,一方面鼓励技术的学习,同时也应该完成某种更为重要的事;它应该帮助人去体验生活的完整过程。这种体验才能将能力和技术置于它们应有的地位。如果一个人真正有话说,那么在他说话时,便会创造了他自己的格式。然而,学习一种格式而没有内心的体验,则只会导致肤浅。
世界各地的机械设计师,都正疯狂地制造出不需要人们操作的机器。在这种几乎一切都靠机器操作的生活里,人会变得如何呢?我们将会有越来越多的闲暇,却不知道如何明智地加以利用。因此,我们便借着知识,借着愚蠢的娱乐,借着理想以寻求逃避。
我相信有关教育理想的著作已经不少,可是我们却处在比以前更大的混乱之中。要教育一个孩子,使他完整而自由,是没有方法可以依循的。只要注重原则、理想和方法,我们便不能使他从以自我为中心的活动,以及他所引起的恐惧、冲突之中解脱。
理想或者完美乌托邦的蓝图,都永远无法产生内心的彻底改变——而内心的彻底改变却是必要的。如果,我们要终止战争以及全世界的毁灭的话。理想无法改变我们既存的价值观;后者要得以改变,唯有借着正确的教育——也就是培育对于“现在存在的事物”的了解。
当我们为了某个理想,为了未来而努力,我们是按照对此未来的概念而塑造个人;我们对于人一点也不关心,我们关心的只是“人应该如何”的这种想法。对我们来说,“应该如何”变得比“现在存在的事物”——换句话,就是个人和他本身错综复杂的问题——更重要了。如果我们着手于直接了解个人,而不通过我们所设想的“他应该如何”的布幕来看他的话,那么我们关切的便是“现在存在的事物”了。这时,我们便不再想要改变个人。我们关心的只是帮助他了解他自己,而没有私人的企图或利害关系。如果充分觉察到“现在存在的事物”,我们便会了解它,摆脱了它的束缚而得以自由。因此,要觉察到真正的自己,我们必须停止这种想要成为其他东西的挣扎。
理想在教育中并不重要,因为理想妨碍了对“现在”的了解。显然,唯有不逃避到未来,我们才能觉察到现在存在的事物。转向“未来”,追逐理想,表示心智的怠惰,以及一种想要逃避“现在”的欲望。
追求一种现成的乌托邦,不就是否定了个人的自由和完整吗?一旦一个人追随某种理想、某种模式,一旦一个人有“将来应该如何”的公式,他的生活不是非常肤浅而且机械化了吗?我们需要的不是理想家或有着机械化心智的人,而是有智慧且自由完整的人。只知制造完美社会的蓝图,乃是为了“未来”而争论、而流血,然而对现在存在的事物却不闻不问。
如果人只是机械体,只是自动机器,那么“未来”便可以预知,完美的乌托邦便可以拟定。我们便能够仔细地设计一个未来的社会,为它工作。然而,人并非机器,取法按照某种固定的模型加以设计。
在“现在”和“未来”之间,存在着一条鸿沟,其间有许多影响,在我们每一个人身上发生作用。而为了“未来”而牺牲了“现在”,我们便是追求着一项错误的手段,以为借此可以达到一个可能正确的目标。然而,手段决定了目标;何况,我们是何许人,竟能决定“人”应该如何?我们有何权利,能够决定将“人”按照某种特定模式——这个特定模式乃是从某本书上学来,或是受我们自己的野心、希望和恐惧所规限——而加以塑造?
正确的教育,与任何的意识形态都不相关——不论这意识形态保证能在未来产生何种乌托邦;正确的教育,不是以任何体系为基础——不论它是多么精心构想得来;正确的教育也不是一种手段,借以把个人加以某种特定的限制。真正的教育,乃是帮助个人,使其成熟、自由,绽放于爱与善良之中。这才是我们应该关心的事,而非按照理想的模式来塑造孩子。
任何依照资质而将孩子加以分门别类的方法,强调了他们之间的差异,由此产生了对立,助长了社会上的派别区分而无法培养出完整的个人。显然,任何方法,任何体系都无法提供正确的教育,而执着地信奉某种方法,则表示出教育的怠惰。一旦教育以呆板的原则为基础,它足以制造出有效率的男男女女,却无法培育出有创造力的人。
唯有爱才能触发对他人的了解。有了爱,才会和别人在同一层次,同一时间有即时的沟通。由于我们自己思想干枯、空洞,没有爱,所以,我们才把孩子的教育和我们的生活方针拱手让给政府和体系来接管。然而,政府需要的是有效率的专家,而非“人”,因为“人”对政府是个威胁——对于组织化的宗教,“人”也是个威胁。这就是为什么政府和组织化的宗教,要设法控制教育的原因。
人的生活,绝对不能符合于某种体系,不能强行纳置于框架之中——不论它构想得多么高贵。而一颗仅仅被训练来接受知识的心,无法面对生活中的种种变化与奥妙,以及生活中的深渊与峻岭。当我们依照一套思想体系,或依照某种特定的规律,来训练我们的子女;我们教他们限制在种种不同的部门内思考,便是阻止他们成长为完整的男男女女。因此,使他们没有能力做明智的思考——也就是把生活当做一个整体来面对。
教育的最大任务在于产生一个完整的人,能将生活加以整体地处理。理论家就像专家一样,对整体毫不关心,他只关心某一部分。只要一个人追逐某种理论的模式,他便不是完整的;而大部分依持理论的教师都忽视了爱心,他们心中干枯无情。为了研究孩子,一个人必须警觉、小心、自觉,而这么做比起鼓励孩子遵守一种理论,需要更大的智慧。
教育的另一个任务,是制造新的价值。仅仅将既存的价值置于孩子的心中,使他符合理论,这是将孩子加以限制,而非唤醒他的智慧。教育和目前的世界危机息息相关,明白了世界骚乱的原因的教育者,应该自问如何唤醒学生的智慧,帮助新生的一代不再制造冲突和灾难。教育者必须付出所有的心思、所有的关怀和情爱,以创造出正确的环境和智慧的培养,使得孩子长大成人后,能以智慧处理他所面临的人生问题。然而,要做到这一点,教育者必须了解他自己本身,而非依赖种种意识形态、体系或信仰。
让我们不要依据原则和理想来思考,让我们关怀事物的真面目。因为,只有考虑到现存的事物,才能唤醒智慧,而教育者的智慧,远比教育的知识更重要。当一个人遵循一种方法——即使这种方法,是由一个深思而智慧的人所拟定——方法本身便变得十分重要,而孩子则只有当他符合方法时,才显得重要了。我们把孩子加以比较,加以归类,然后依照某种方式着手教育他。这种教育方式对教育者来说也许方便,然而,遵循一种学说或是对意见与学识的专横态度,都无法产生一个完整的人。
正确的教育,在于了解孩子本身(the child as he is)而不将我们认为的他“应该如何”加诸他的身上。将他围困于“理论”的框架里,是鼓励他的顺从附和。如此会滋生恐惧,在孩子的心中产生了“他的真面目”和“他应有的样子”之间的不断冲突;而一切内心冲突,都会向外表露于社会。理论,是我们了解孩子,以及孩子自我了解的实际障碍。
一个真正希望了解孩子的父母,并不通过某种理想的幕布去看孩子。假如他爱孩子,他便会观察孩子,研究孩子的倾向、性情和他的特性。唯有当一个人不爱孩子的时候,才会把某种理想强加在孩子的身上,因为如此一来,由于要求孩子成为这样的一种人或是那样的一种人,一个人的野心,便借着孩子而获得实现。如果,一个人爱的不是理论,而是孩子,这时,才有帮助孩子了解他真实自我的可能。
譬如说,如果一个孩子撒谎,那么把“诚实”的理论,摆在他的面前又有何用呢?我们必须找出他为何撒谎的原因。要帮助孩子,我们必须花费时间去研究他,观察他——这就需要耐心、爱与关怀。然而,一旦我们没有爱,没有了解,那么,便会把孩子强迫纳入我们称之为理想的某种行动模式中。
理论是一种方便的逃避方式,遵循理论的教师无法了解他的学生,无法明智地处理他们的问题。对这种教师来说,未来的理论,“应该如何”是比眼前的孩子更为重要。理论的追求,排斥了爱,而缺乏了爱,任何有关人的问题,都无法获得解决。
正确的教师不会依赖某种教育方法,他会对每一个个别的学生加以研究。我们与孩子、少年的关系,处理的并非是那种可以迅速加以修补的机械,而是易受影响、变幻不定、敏感的、恐惧的、有感情的活生生的人。要处理他们的问题,我们必须具有深入的了解力,以及忍耐与爱的力量。缺乏这些东西时,我们便求助于迅速而简易的补救方法,希望由此获得神奇而必然的效果。如果我们没有觉察力,如果我们的态度和行动都是机械化的,便会再使人为难,且在无法以机械式的回答来解决的问题之前退缩,这就是我们教育上的一项主要问题。
孩子是“过去”和“现在”两者的产物,因此他已经受到了限制。如果,我们把自己的环境背景传递给他,就会使他和我们的限制永远延续下去。唯有了解我们的自己的限制,而且由此解脱,我们才会有根本的改变。倘若我们自己仍在限制之中,却讨论着什么才是正确的教育,这是毫无益处的。
孩子年幼时,我们自然必须保护他们免于肉体上的伤害,使他们不会感到身体上的不安全。但是,不幸的,我们并不止于此;我们还希望塑造他们的思想和感情的方式。我们希望训练他们,使其合乎我们的憧憬和意图。我们设法借着孩子来满足我们自己,经由他们来使我们自己不朽。我们在孩子的四周筑起围墙,以种种的信仰、意识形态、恐惧和希望,将他们加以塑造——而当他们在战争中死亡、残废,或是由于生活上的经验而遭受痛苦时,我们便痛哭、祈祷。
这种种生活上的经验,并不能带来自由;相反地,它们加强了自我的意志力。自我是由一连串具有保护性与扩张性的反作用所组成,而自我的实现,永远只是它自身的投射和使人心满意足的同一化(identification)的结果。只要我们是借着自我——“我”和“属于我的”——来解释经验,只要“我”,自我,借着它的反作用而延绵不绝,那么,经验便无法从冲突、混乱、痛苦中解脱。唯有当一个人了解自我——“经验者”——种种的性质,自由才会来临。唯有当“经验者”不是自我以及自我所聚集的种种反作用,那时,经验才会具有完全不同的意义,而且成为创造。
如果我们想要帮助孩子,使他们从自我的种种存在方式——它们引起太多的痛苦——中解脱的话,那么我们每一个人便要开始改变对待孩子的态度,以及与他之间的关系。父母和教育者,借着他们自己的思想和行为可以帮助孩子自由,使他如花一般地绽放于爱与善良之中。
目前施行的教育,并不鼓励人去了解那种将心灵加以限制,而且使恐惧不断的遗传倾向与环境的影响,因此,这种教育并不能帮助我们冲破这些限制而成为一个完整的人。任何一种教育,如果它关切的只是人的一部分,而非人的整体,那么它必然会导致有增无减的冲突和痛苦。
爱和善良,唯有在个人自由的时候才能充分绽放;而唯有正确的教育才能提供这项自由。对既存社会的顺从附和,或是期望一个未来的乌托邦,都无法使个人获得这项领悟力——一个人如果没有这种领悟力,便会不断地制造问题。
了解了何谓内心自由的正确教育者,能帮助每一个个别的学生,去观察和了解他自己的价值观,以及加诸自己的强制行为;他帮助学生觉察到那些将他加以限制的种种影响力,以及他自己的愿望,这两者都使他滋生了恐惧。当学生逐渐长大成人,教育者帮助他,借着观察他和一切事物之间的关系而了解自己。因为,造成无止境的冲突和悲哀的,乃是完成自我的渴望。
当然,帮助一个人觉察出生活持久的价值,而不加以限制,是可能的。有的人可能会说,这种个人充分的发展会导致紊乱;这是真的吗?这个世界已经混乱了,之所以如此,就是因为不曾教育个人了解自己。虽然,个人有一些表面的自由,却也被教导着对于既存的价值加以顺从附和,加以接受。
很多人已经起来反抗这种将人加以组织训练的做法;然而不幸的是,他们的反抗只是一种自私自利的反作用——这只能使我们的生活更加黑暗。正确的教育者,觉察到心灵有产生反作用的倾向,能帮助学生改变既存的价值——而非借着反抗此价值的反作用,而是经由对生活整体过程的了解。人与人之间的充分合作,只有当人具有完整性时,才有可能。借着正确教育的帮助,可以在个人身上唤醒这项完整性。
为何经由正确的教育,我们或者我们下一代,也无法在人与人的关系中带来根本上的变革?我们从来不曾尝试过正确的教育,由于大部分人似乎对正确的教育感到害怕,因此,我们便无意尝试它。我们不曾真正探讨整个问题,便断言人的天性无法加以改变。事情是什么样子,我们便什么样子地接受了。而且我们又鼓励孩子去适应既存的社会;我们以现在的生活方式将他加以限制,然后满怀希望。然而,这种对既存价值的附和顺从——它将导致战争和饥馑——能被视为教育吗?
我们不要自欺,以为这种限制,将会助长智慧与幸福。如果我们仍然有所恐惧、缺乏爱,无可救药地迟钝麻木,这就表示,我们对于鼓励个人在爱与善良中,没有真正的关心,而宁愿让他继续背负着使我们劳苦且影响了他的悲惨生活。
将学生加以限制,使他接受当前的环境,显然是一件十分愚蠢的事。除非我们自动自发地在教育上加以改革,否则我们对于延续不绝的混乱和悲惨,便负有直接的责任。而当某个可怕而残酷的革命终于爆发时,那只是使另一群人有剥削他人和暴露残酷的机会而已。每一群大权在握的人,都行使他们自己的压制手段——不论经由心理上的说服,或是经由暴力。
为了政治上和工业上的理由,纪律成了目前社会结构的重要因素。而由于我们想获取心理安全的这种欲望,我们便接受了各种形式的纪律,且加以实行。纪律保证可以带来某种结果,而我们认为目的比手段更重要;然而手段限定了目的。
纪律的危险之一,是制度变得比制度下的人来得更重要。于是纪律取代了爱,而由于我们内心空洞无情,所以,我们执着于纪律。有纪律,有抵抗,均无法产生自由。自由不是一项目标,不是一种要在未来才获取的目的。自由在于开端,而非结局,它不存在于某个遥远的理想之中。
自由,并非指利用机会,使自我满足,或者忽略对他人的尊重。真挚的教师会保护儿童,以任何可行的方式,帮助他们朝向真正的自由而成长。然而,如果教师执迷于某个意识形态,如果他专断独行、自私自利的话,那就不可能了。
敏感,永远无法借着强制行为而被唤醒。我们可能强迫一个孩子,使他在外表上显得安静。但我们必须面对的问题是他为何固执、无理等等。强制造成对立和恐惧,任何形式的奖赏和惩罚,又会使心智卑屈、麻木。如果这是我们所希望的话,那么以强制为手段的教育,便再好不过了。
然而,这种教育既无法帮助我们了解孩子,也无法建造一种没有分离和仇恨的正确社会环境。正确的教育,依赖于对孩子的爱。然而,我们大部分人并不爱我们的孩子。我们为了他们而野心勃勃——也就是说,我们为了自己而野心勃勃。不幸的是,我们为着心智上的事而繁忙,竟没有多少时间来注意情感上的跃动。毕竟,纪律含有抵制的意思;而抵制能够产生爱吗?纪律只能在我们四周筑起围墙;它具有排斥性,永远制造冲突。纪律无助于了解;因为了解来自观察,来自摒弃了一切偏见的探究。
纪律,是控制孩子的一种简易方法。然而,纪律并不能帮助他了解生活中的种种问题。对于聚集于一间教室里的一大群学生而言,某种强制的方式,借着惩罚和奖赏而行的纪律,可能有助于维持秩序和外表上的安宁。然而,如果有了正确的教育者,再加上为数不多的学生,还需要任何的压制——美其名曰“纪律”吗?如果教室内的学生不多,老师能够对每一个学生付于全部的注意力,观察他、帮助他,那么,任何形式的压制或控制,显然都是多余的。如果在这小群学生当中,有某个学生继续捣乱或是无理由地顽皮作恶,教育者则必须探查学生行为不良的原因,它可能是因为食物不当、睡眠不足、家庭纠纷,或某种潜藏的恐惧所引起。
正确的教育,意指自由与智慧的培育,然而,如果存在了任何形式的强制行为,以及由此而引起的恐惧,则这项培育将成为不可能的事。总之,教育者所关心的,是帮助学生了解他整个生活中的各项纠纷。要求他压抑本性中的某一部分而助长其他部分,会在他心中造成无尽的冲突,其结果是形成社会上的对立状态。产生秩序的是智慧,而非纪律。
附和与服从,在正确教育中没有任何价值。教师与学生之间的合作,如果没有相互的爱和尊敬,是办不到的。对长者尊敬的表现,如果借命令而求诸孩子,通常会成为一种习惯,一种只是外表的作为,而恐惧便以尊敬的形式出现。没有尊重和体谅,人与人之间的任何关系都不可能,尤其是当教师仅仅成了学识工具的话。
如果教师要求学生对他尊重,却不太尊重学生,必然会引起学生的漠视和不敬。如果缺乏对人的尊重,知识只会导致毁灭和不幸。培养对他人的尊敬,是正确教育中主要的一部分,然而如果教育者自己缺乏这项品格,他便无法帮助学生成为一个完整的人。
智慧,是对于根本事物的辨识,而要辨识出根本的事物,则必须由心灵为了寻求自身的安全与舒适所投射的种种障碍之中解脱。一旦心灵找不到安全,则恐惧便无可避免;而当人以任何形式被组织化了后,敏锐的觉察力和智慧便被破坏了。
教育的目的在于培养正确的关系,不仅是个人与个人之间的关系,而且是个人与社会之间的关系。因此,教育应该首先帮助个人了解它自身的心理过程,这是一件重要的事。智慧是了解自己,并且超越了它;然而一旦心存恐惧,智慧便不可能存在。恐惧败坏了智慧,而且是产生以自我为中心的行动的种种原因之一。纪律可以压抑恐惧,却不能根除恐惧,而我们在现代教育之下所得来的肤浅知识,只会加深了恐惧。
我们年轻时,不论是在家中或学校里,恐惧便渗入大部分人的心中。父母或教师都没有耐心、时间或智慧,去驱散我们童年时本能上的恐惧——当我们成年时,这种本能上的恐惧便支配了我们的行为和判断,制造出许多问题。正确的教育,必须考虑到这项恐惧的问题,因为恐惧扭曲了我们对生活的整个看法。解除恐惧,是智慧的开端,只有正确的教育才能使人解脱恐惧的束缚而享有自由——只有在自由之中,深刻而富创造性的智慧才能存在。
对于任何行动加以奖赏或惩罚,只是加强了以自我为中心的态度。以他人之名,以国家或上帝之名而做的行动使人产生恐惧,而恐惧无法成为正确行动的基础。如果我们要帮助孩子,使他体谅他人,便不该把爱作为一种贿赂,而要花费时间,耐心地为他解释何谓体谅他人。
如果为了奖赏而体谅他人,那么尊重他人便是虚有其名,因为这时贿赂或惩罚比尊重之情来得重要多了。如果我们不尊重孩子,而只是以奖赏引诱他,或以惩罚威吓他,那么我们便是助长了他获取利益的观念和恐惧感。由于我们自己所受的教养,是为了有所收获才采取行动,所以,我们不知道有一种不含有获取利益之欲望的行动。
正确的教育,鼓励孩子对他人尊重体谅,而无需任何的诱饵或威吓。如果我们不再汲汲求取即时可得的成效,我们会发现:教育者和孩子皆可从恐惧惩罚和渴望奖赏,以及其他任何形式的强制行为中解脱。然而,如果在人与人关系中有权威存在,则强制的行为将无法终止。
如果我们考虑的是私人的企图和利益,那么服从权威便有许多的好处。然而,以个人升迁和利益为基础的教育,只能建造出一个竞争,对立与残酷无情的社会结构。我们便是在这样一种社会中被教养长大,而心中的怨愤和混乱自是显而易见。
我们被教导着去顺从一位教师的权威,一本书的权威,因为这么做是有利可图的。生活上每一部门的专家,从牧师到官僚,都掌握着权威,支配着我们。然而,任何利用强制方式的政府或教师,都无法促使人与人之间的合作——这种人与人之间的合作,对于社会的幸福与安宁,是不可或缺的。
如果我们要在人与人之间有正确的关系,那么便不应该强制,甚至说服也不行。握有权威的人和屈服于权威之下的人,两者之间,怎么会有亲爱之情和真诚的合作呢?冷静考虑权威这个问题,以及它所包含的许多错综复杂的问题,明白渴望权力这一欲望本身,是具有毁灭性的,那么对于权威的整个过程,便会有即时而自发的了解。等到权威丢弃时,大家才能合伙相处,只有在这个时候,才会有合作和亲爱之情。
教育上的真正问题是教育者。如果教育者利用权威作为免除自己麻烦的手段,如果他把教育当作一个扩张自我、满足自我的方法,那么即使是一小群学生也会成为他私人野心的工具。
对于权威与支配心的潜藏动机,必须加以深入的洞察。如果看出智慧无法经由强制的行为而被唤醒,那么对这事实的领悟,将使我们的恐惧之心化为灰烬,然后开始培育一个和现在社会秩序完全不同,而且远远地超越了它的新环境。
要了解生活的意义,以及生活上的冲突和痛苦,我们必须摆脱权威——包括有组织的宗教权威——而独立思考。然而,如果我们为了帮助孩子而在他面前设下具有权威性的榜样,那么,我们只助长了恐惧、模仿,以及各种形式的迷信。
那些有宗教倾向的人,设法把他们的信仰、希望和恐惧,强行灌输给孩子;那些反宗教的人也同样渴望以他们偶尔学来的特有思考方式来影响孩子。我们都要孩子接受我们崇拜的形式,或把我们所选择的意识形态铭记于心。被自己或他人所构想的意念和公式化的思想纠缠混淆,是十分轻而易举的事,因此必须随时警觉小心。
我们所谓的宗教,仅是有组织的信仰以及它的种种教条、仪式、奇迹和迷信。每个宗教都有它的圣书、教主、教士以及威吓人们、控制人们的方法,大部分人都被这些所限制,我们认为这便是宗教教育。然而,这项限制离间了人,使人与人之间产生对抗,它不仅仅是在信仰者之间,而且在其他不同信仰者之间制造了对立。虽然所有的宗教都说他们崇拜上帝,而且说我们必须彼此相爱,然而它们经由奖赏和惩罚的教义,在人们心中灌输了恐惧,而且经由他们互相敌对的教条,延续了疑忌和对立。
教条、奇迹和仪式,这些都无助于精神生活。真正的宗教教育,鼓励孩子了解他自己和他人、事物、大自然之间的关系。有了关系,才有存在;而没有自我认识,一切的关系——和一个人或和多数人的关系——都会造成冲突与悲哀。当然,对孩子充分的解释这一切事情是不可能的;然而,如果教育者和父母明白了“关系”的全部意义,那么借着他们的态度、行为和言辞,一定可以把精神生活的意义传递给孩子,而不需多费唇舌。
我们所谓的宗教训练,并不赞成人们询问与怀疑,然而,唯有对社会和宗教的价值观加以探讨其意义时,我们才能发现何谓“真实”。教育者的任务,在于深入地检视他自己的思维和感情,并且将那些使他安全与舒适的价值观抛弃,唯有如此,他才能够帮助学生自觉,并且了解他们自己的冲动和恐惧。
一个人年轻时,是迈向正直、明智之时;而我们年长者如果有了解力的话,能帮助年轻人使他从社会加诸他身上,以及他自身所投射的种种障碍之中解脱。如果孩子的心没有被宗教的先入为主观念和偏见所塑造的话,那么他将可自由地经由自我认识而去发现那超越他自身的事物。
真正的宗教,并非是一套信仰和仪式、希望和恐惧;如果让孩子避免这些阻碍他的种种影响力而成长的话,那么,也许当他成年时,他将开始探讨何谓真实,何谓上帝。因此,在教育孩子时,深入的洞察力和了解是必须的。
大部分倾心于宗教、谈论上帝和永生的人,根本不相信个人的自由和个人的完整性。然而,宗教,是在寻求真理中培养自由。对于自由,是无可妥协的。个人的部分自由绝非自由。任何种类的限制,不论是政治的或宗教的,都不是自由,而且永远无法带来和平。
宗教并非是一种限制的形式,它是一种存在着真实、上帝的宁静状态。然而,唯有自我认识和自由存在时,那种创造性的状态才会出现。自由产生德行,而没有德行,宁静无法存在。平静的心不是一个被限制了的心,它不是通过纪律或训练才变得寂静。唯有当心灵明白了它自己的种种存在方式——也就是自我的种种存在方式——平静才会出现。
有组织的宗教,是人们冻结了的思维,人们以此建造寺庙和教堂;它成了胆怯者的安慰品,哀伤者的麻醉剂。然而,上帝或真理远远地超越了思维,超越了情绪上的需求。对制造恐惧和悲哀的心理过程有所认识的父母和教师,都足以帮助年轻人去观察、了解他们自己的种种冲突和灾难。
当孩子成长时,我们年长者能够帮助他们沉着冷静地思考,帮助他们去爱,而不滋生仇恨。然而,如果我们一直互相残杀,如果我们无法深深地改变自己而为这世界带来秩序与和平的话,那么这些宗教的圣书和神话,又有什么价值呢?
真正的宗教教育,是帮助孩子获得明智的觉察力,能辨析瞬息即逝与真实的事物,能无私心地面对生活。在家中或在学校里,如果能思及某一严肃的问题或阅读一篇有深度、有意义的文章,来开始一天的生活,不是比喃喃地念着那些重复的字句来得有意义吗?
过去的人们以他们的野心、传统和理想为这世界带来了悲哀和破坏,也许,继之而来的人们借着正确的教育,能终止这世界的混乱,建造一个快乐的社会秩序。如果年轻人具有探究的精神,如果他们不断地寻觅一切事物——政治上、宗教上、私人或周围环境——的真理,那么身为青年将有极大的意义,而一个美好的世界便有希望了。
大多数的孩子都是好奇的,他们想要了解。然而,他们热切的探究之心由于我们权威性的断言,我们的傲慢的焦躁之情,以及我们对于他们好奇心的随意漠视而变得麻木迟钝了。我们并不鼓励他们探究,因为我们害怕他们将发出的问题;我们并不培育他们的不满之情,因为我们自己已经停止找寻了。
大部分的父母和教师都害怕不满之情,因为它妨碍了各种形式的安全感,所以,他们鼓励年轻人借着安稳的职业、遗产、婚姻,以及宗教教条的慰藉来克服不满之情。年长者对于使心灵迟钝麻木的许多方法太清楚了,所以他们用自己从前接受了的权威、传统和信仰,强迫灌注于孩子的心,使得孩子也像他们一样的麻木迟钝。
唯有鼓励孩子对任何他所读的书加以质询,对种种既存的社会价值、传统、政府的形式、宗教信仰等等加以探究其真伪,教育者和父母才有希望唤醒,并维持孩子批判性的机警和敏锐的洞察力。
只要是稍微活泼的年轻人都充满了希望和不满之情,这是必然的,否则他们早已经衰老待毙了。而所谓老者,乃是那些曾一度不满,如今终于成功地熄灭了那不满的火焰,以各种方法找到了安全感和舒适的人。他们渴望自己和自己家庭的永存不朽,他们热切地希望在种种观念、关系、占有之中找到信心,所以当他们感到不满时,他们便埋首于责任、工作或任何其他的事,以便逃避那种使人骚扰不安的不满感觉。
我们年轻时,心怀不满,不仅不满意我们自己,而且对周围的事物不满。我们应该学习清晰而无偏执地去思考,使得内心不会依赖,没有恐惧。需要独立的,不是我们在彩色地图上称之为我们的国家的那一块有颜色的土地,而是作为个人的我们自己。虽然外表上我们互相依赖,然而如果在内心,我们没有求权力、求地位、求权威的渴望,那么外表上的互相依赖,便不会变成残酷或互相欺压。
我们必须了解那使我们大多数人害怕的不满之情。不满之情可能带来类似的表面混乱,然而,如果它导致——这是必然的结果——自我认识和自我牺牲,那么他将创造出一个新的社会秩序和持久的和平。随着自我牺牲而来的,即是无尽的喜悦。
不满是导致自由的途径,然而要能够不偏执地去询问,便不能有情绪上的消遣——它所取的形式常是政治集会、呼喊口号、寻求宗教教师或精神导师,以及种种宗教上的陶醉。这种消遣麻木了心智和情感,使人缺乏洞察力,因此很容易被周围环境和恐惧所牵制。对生活的重新了解,来自热烈燃烧的探询欲望,而非来自对于大多数人的轻易模仿。
年轻人非常容易被牧师、政客、富人或穷人所说服,而以一种特殊的方式来思考。然而,正确的教育应该帮助他们留意这些影响,使他们不要像鹦鹉似地重复口号,或落入任何他们自己或别人的贪婪狡诈陷阱之中。他们不能让权威窒闷了心智和情感。跟随他人——不论这人是如何地伟大——或是依附一种使人心满意足的意识形态,都不会产生一个和平的世界。
当我们离开学校,许多人便丢下书本,好像学习到此为止;有的人则受到激励,要拓广他们的思想范围,便继续念书,吸收别人说过的话,因而沉迷于知识之中。一旦知识和技术被作为成功与控制的手段而加以崇拜,那么世上便会有无情的竞争、对立,以及为了食物而永无止息的争斗。
只要成功成了我们的目标,我们便无法免除恐惧,因为成功的欲望滋生了对失败的恐惧。这就是为什么不可教导年轻人崇拜成功的原因。大多数人都寻求某种形式的成功,比如在网球场上,在事业上或在政治上。我们大家都想爬到顶上,而这种欲望在我们内心及与邻人之间造成了无止境的冲突;它导致竞争、猜忌、仇恨,而最后便是战争。
像年老的一代一样,年轻人也寻求成功和安全。虽然起初他们可能不满,然而他们不久便成为受人尊敬的人,于是害怕对社会说一声:不。他们自己的欲望之墙开始包围他们,他们便固步自封,掌握了权威。不满之情——这是探讨、寻求、了解之火——变得滞钝,而致消逝,取而代之的是渴望较好的职业、安稳的婚姻、飞黄腾达;所有这一切都是渴望越来越稳固的安全。
老年人与年轻人之间没有重大的分别,因为两者都是自己的欲望与满足的奴隶。成熟与否,不是年龄上的问题,它来自了解。热烈的探询之心,也许比较容易为年轻人所有,因为老年人遭遇了生活上的各种波折,被种种冲突所折磨,而死亡正以各种方式等待着他。这并不是说,老年人无法作意义深远的探讨,只是对他们来说,比较困难罢了。
许多年轻人都不成熟,甚至幼稚,这个原因助长了世界上的混乱和悲惨。对于泛滥于世界上的经济危机和道德危机,年长者难辞其咎;而我们不幸的弱点之一,乃是希望别人代替我们自己采取行动,来改变生活的轨道。我们等候别人反抗,重新建造,而我们自己在未确知有结果时,却袖手旁观。
我们大部分人所追求的是安全与成功,而一个寻求安全渴望成功的心灵,并非是一个具有智慧的心灵,因此也就不能产生完整的行动。唯有当一个人觉察到他自身的观念,觉察到种种的种族上、国家上、政治上、宗教上的偏见,这时才会有完整的行动。也就是说,唯有当一个人明白了自我的存在永远具有分离性的时候,才会有完整的行动。
生活是一口深井。一个人可以带着小桶来到井边,只汲取少量的水,也可以用巨大的容器汲取足以滋养的充足水分。一个人年轻时是探究和从事一切实验的时候。学校应该帮助青年去发现他们自己的天赋和职责,而不要仅以事实和技术上的知识填塞他们的内心。学校应该是一片沃土,使学生可以毫无恐惧、快乐而完整地生长于其间。
教育一个孩子,是帮助他了解何谓自由和完整。要自由、则必须要有秩序——这只有德行才能办到;而完整性之所以产生,则必须要有极单纯的心。我们必须由无尽的复杂迈向单纯,我们必须在内心的生活和外在需求中变得单纯。
现在的教育所关心的是外在的效率,它完全忽视——或有意歪曲——人的内心;它只发展人的某一部分,而让其他部分自生自灭。我们内在的混乱、对立和恐惧,始终会胜过外在的社会结构——不论这结构构想得如何高尚,这社会是如何机巧地被建造起来的。如果没有正确的教育,我们便会互相毁灭,而每一个人的外在安全便会失去。正确地教育学生,是帮助他了解他自身的整体过程,因为唯有以完整的心灵融入日常生活,这时才会出现智慧,才会有内心的改造。
除了提供知识和技术训练外,教育尤其应该鼓励学生对生活有一个完整的看法,应该帮助学生认识他内心的一切人与人之间的区分,并且铲除偏见,打消对追求权力与掌控的追逐。它应该鼓励正确的自我观察,以及把生活当作一个整体加以体验——那就是不必强调其中的某一部分——“我”和“属于我的”,而是帮助心灵超越自身,以便发现真实的事物。
自由,只产生于一个人在其每日生活中的自我认识,也就是说,在他和人们、事物、观念、大自然的关系中的自我认识。如果教育者帮助学生成为完整的人,那么对于任何一个生活上的特殊状况,便不会狂热而无理地强调了。了解生活的整体过程,才能成为一个完整的人。有了自我认识,制造迷惘的力量才会消失,而唯有此时,真实或上帝才有存在的可能。
人类如果想要脱离任何危机——尤其是现在的世界危机——而不至于粉身碎骨,则必须完整无缺。因此,对于真正关怀教育的父母和教师,其主要的问题是如何发展一个完整的个人。要做到这件事,显然教育者本身必须是个完整的人。所以,正确的教育至为重要,不仅是对于年轻人,对于年长的一代也一样——如果他们乐意学习,而不僵固于行为轨道中。我们本身的问题比传统上所说的应该如何教导孩子更重要,如果我们爱孩子,我们将会留意,使他们受教于正确的教育者。
教育不应该成为一种专家的职业。如果这种情形发生——通常就是如此,爱便消逝无踪;而在完整化的过程中,爱却是不可或缺的。要成为一个完整的人,则必须从恐惧中解脱。无所恐惧的心,带来了一种免于残暴、不轻视他人的独立性,而此种独立性是生活上最重要的因素。没有了爱,我们便无法解决许多互相冲突的问题;没有了爱,知识的获得只助长了混乱,导致自我毁灭。
一个完整的人会借着体验而获取技术,因为创造的动力制造出他自己的技术——这便是最崇高的艺术。如果一个孩子有绘画的创造动力,他便着手绘画,不会被技巧的问题所烦累。同样,那些体验着人生,因而从事于教育的人们,乃是唯一真正的教师,而他们也会制造出自己的教育方法来。
这看来似乎十分简单,然而这才是一项深入的革命。如果我们加以深思,就可以发现它在社会上产生非凡的效果。今日,我们大多数人由于成了墨守成规的奴隶,因此在四十五岁或五十岁时,便被淘汰了。由于顺从附和,由于恐惧和接受,我们的一生便完了,虽然我们仍挣扎于这个社会中——除了那些支配着这社会而活得安全的人们,这社会是没有多大意义的。如果教师明白了这一点,而且本身真正体验过,那么不论他的性情,能力如何,他的教导将不会成为例行的公事,而会成为一种帮助学生的工具。
要了解一个孩子,我们必须在他游戏时观察他,在他种种不同的情绪下研究他。我们不能将自己的偏见、希望和恐惧投射到他的身上,或是塑造他,使他适合我们欲望中的类型。如果我们不断地以自己的喜好与厌恶来判断孩子,必然会在我们与孩子的关系中,或与世界的关系中,制造出种种的藩篱与障碍。不幸的是,大多数人希望以一种使自己的虚荣或个人的特殊反应获得满足的方式,去塑造孩子。我们在具有排斥性的占有欲与支配欲中、获得了种种慰藉与满足。
显然,这项过程并不是人与人之间的“关系”,而是一种对他人的强制行为。因此,了解这项艰涩而复杂的支配欲非常重要。支配欲有许多微妙的方式,而且它根深蒂固地自以为是。在无意识中,那种因含有支配欲的想帮助他人的意图,是很难被了解的。有了占有欲,爱能存在吗?那些我们想加以控制的人和我们之间会有心灵的沟通吗?支配欲,是利用他人以达到自我的满足,而一旦我们利用他人,便没有了爱。
有了爱,便有了尊重,不仅是尊重孩子,而且是尊重每一个人。除非我们深深地有感于这个问题,不然我们将永远寻不出正确的教育方式。仅仅技术上的训练必会造成残暴无情,而为了教育孩子,我们必须对生活的整体运行有所感觉。我们所思、所为、所言,关系至为重大,因为它们造成了一种环境,而这环境不是帮助了孩子,便是阻碍了孩子。
因此,对这问题至感关切的人必须着手了解自己,才有助于社会的改造;我们要把建设新的教育当作切身的责任。如果我们爱孩子,难道不会找出一条终止战争的途径吗?然而,如果我们仅仅使用“爱”这个字眼,而缺乏“爱”的实质,那么这整个人类悲惨处境的复杂问题将继续存在。解决这个问题的方法在于我们自身。我们必须着手于了解自己与他人,与大自然、观念、事物的种种关系,因为欠缺了这种了解,便没有希望,没有方法足以走出冲突与痛苦之境。
抚育孩子,需要明智的观察和留意,专家以及他们的知识永远无法取代父母的爱。然而,大多数的父母由于自己的恐惧和野心——他们扭曲了孩子的视野,并且加以限制——而污损了对孩子的爱。因此,我们没有多少人关切爱,我们多半关心于爱的外貌。
目前的教育组织和社会结构,并不帮助个人走向自由与完整。如果父母真切地希望孩子能够圆满地达到他完整的能力,他们必须着手改变家庭的影响,而开始建造具有正确教育者的学校。
家庭与学校的影响必须不能互相冲突,因此,父母和教师双方都必须再教育自己。经常存在于个人私生活和作为集体一份子之间的矛盾,会在个人身心以及与外界关系中造成无尽的纠纷。
这种冲突由于错误的教育而受到鼓励与支持,政府和有组织的宗教,两者均以他们矛盾的教条助长了混乱。孩子的身心一开始便被分裂了,其结果是在个人和社会中造成祸害。
如果我们爱孩子,并且看到这问题的严重性,能够专心致力于这个问题,那么,不论人数的多寡,我们经由正确的教育和明智的家庭环境,将有助于完整人格的诞生。然而,如果我们像多数人一样,内心充满种种心智上的诡诈,我们将会眼睁睁地看着孩子毁于战争、饥馑,或他们自己的内心冲突。
正确的教育来自我们自身的改造。我们必须再教育自己,不要为任何主义——不论这主义是多么富有正义,也不要为任何意识形态——不论它对于世界的未来幸福多么富有希望,而互相残杀。我们必须学习怜悯、同情、知足,寻求那至高无上的真实。因为,唯有如此,人类才能获得真正的拯救。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 2 'THE RIGHT KIND OF EDUCATION'
THE ignorant man is not the unlearned, but he who does not know himself, and the learned man is stupid when he relies on books, on knowledge and on authority to give him understanding. Understanding comes only through self-knowledge, which is awareness of one's total psychological process. Thus education, in the true sense, is the understanding of oneself, for it is within each one of us that the whole of existence is gathered.
What we now call education is a matter of accumulating information and knowledge from books, which anyone can do who can read. Such education offers a subtle form of escape from ourselves and, like all escapes, it inevitably creates increasing misery. Conflict and confusion result from our own wrong relationship with people, things and ideas, and until we understand that relationship and alter it, mere learning, the gathering of facts and the acquiring of various skills, can only lead us to engulfing chaos and destruction.
As society is now organized, we send our children to school to learn some technique by which they can eventually earn a livelihood. We want to make the child first and foremost a specialist, hoping thus to give him a secure economic position. But does the cultivation of a technique enable us to understand ourselves?
While it is obviously necessary to know how to read and write, and to learn engineering or some other profession, will technique give us the capacity to understand life? Surely, technique is secondary; and if technique is the only thing we are striving for, we are obviously denying what is by far the greater part of life.
Life is pain, joy, beauty, ugliness, love, and when we understand it as a whole, at every level, that understanding creates its own technique. But the contrary is not true: technique can never bring about creative understanding.
Present-day education is a complete failure because it has overemphasized technique. In overemphasizing technique we destroy man. To cultivate capacity and efficiency without understanding life, without having a comprehensive perception of the ways of thought and desire, will only make us increasingly ruthless, which is to engender wars and jeopardize our physical security. The exclusive cultivation of technique has produced scientists, mathematicians, bridge builders, space conquerors; but do they understand the total process of life? Can any specialist experience life as a whole? Only when he ceases to be a specialist.
Technological progress does solve certain kinds of problems for some people at one level, but it introduces wider and deeper issues too. To live at one level, disregarding the total process of life, is to invite misery and destruction. The greatest need and most pressing problem for every individual is to have an integrated comprehension of life, which will enable him to meet its everincreasing complexities.
Technical knowledge, however necessary, will in no way resolve our inner, psychological pressures and conflict; and it is because we have acquired technical knowledge without understanding the total process of life that technology has become a means of destroying ourselves. The man who knows how to split the atom but has no love in his heart becomes a monster.
We choose a vocation according to our capacities; but will the following of a vocation lead us out of conflict and confusion? Some form of technical training seems necessary; but when we have become engineers, physicians, accountants - then what? Is the practice of a profession the fulfilment of life? Apparently with most of us it is. Our various professions may keep us busy for the greater part of our existence; but the very things that we produce and are so entranced with are causing destruction and misery. Our attitudes and values make of things and occupations the instruments of envy, bitterness and hate.
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2009/01/29 22:33 我们许多人似乎都认为,借着教每一个人念书、写字,我们便可解决人类的种种问题;然而这个想法被证实是不正确的。所谓受过教育的人,并非是喜爱和平、完整的人,他们对于世界上的混乱和不幸同样要负起责任。
正确的教育,意指唤醒智慧,培育一种完整的生活,唯有这种教育才能创造出一种新的文化和一个和平的世界。然而,要实施这种新的教育,我们必须由一个完全不同的基础重新出发。
世界在我们的四周崩溃,而我们却讨论着各种学说和无济于事的政治问题,玩弄着一些肤浅的改革。这不是表示我们十足的轻率吗?有些人可能会说,事实却是如此,然而他们自己却继续下去,其所作所为完完全全和过去一样——这正是生活的悲哀。当我们听到一个真理而不实行,它便成了一剂毒药,在我们心中扩散,带来心理上的骚扰、不平衡和疾病。唯有唤醒个人创造性的智慧,和平而快乐的生活才有可能。
我们无法仅仅因为一个政府取代了另一个政府,一个党派或阶级取代了另一个党派或阶级,一个剥削者取代了另一个剥削者,便能成为有智慧的人。血腥的革命永远无法解决我们的问题。唯有一种改变了我们一切价值的深入内心的革命,才能创造出一个全然不同的环境,一种明智的社会结构,而这项革命只有借着你、我才能产生。唯有当我们每一个人破除了自己的心理障碍而成为自由的人,那时,新的秩序才会诞生。
我们可以在纸上绘制灿烂的乌托邦,美丽的新世界;然而,为了一个未知的未来而牺牲了现在,必然无法解决任何问题。在“现在”和“未来”之间存在着许多的因素,无人能够知道未来将是如何。如果我们真诚的话,则我们所能做的,而且必须做的,是即刻处理我们的问题,而非将它们搁延到未来。“永恒”不存在于未来,“永恒”是现在。我们的问题存在于现在,而唯有现在,它们才能获得解决。
我们之中严肃的人必须让自己更新;然而要获得更新,唯有从那些因自我保护以及侵略性欲望所制造出来的价值观中脱离出来。自我认识是自由的开端,唯有当我们认识自己,才能带来秩序与和平。
有人也许会问:“个人能够做出什么,足以改变历史呢?他能借着他的生活方式而有所作为吗?”当然可以的。你和我显然无法阻止迫在眉睫的战争,或在国家与国家之间制造即时的了解,然而,至少在我们日常生活有所关联的世界中,我们能带来一种基本上的改变,这改变将会产生它应有的效果。
个人的醒悟,只要是不汲汲求取结果的话,确实会影响众人,如果一个人所想的是利益与效果,那么正确的转变便不可能了。
人的问题并不单纯,而是非常复杂的。要了解这些问题需要有耐心和洞察力,而最重要的,是作为一个个人,我们要亲身了解这些问题,而且亲自去解决它们。我们无法经由简单的公式或口号去了解它们;也不能将这些问题在它们的各层次上,依据某些埋首于某个特定方针的专家而加以解决——这样只会导致更进一步的混乱和不幸。只有当我们觉察到自己是一项完整的过程,也就是了解整个的心理过程,我们的许多问题才能获得了解与解决;而任何宗教上或政治上的领袖都无法使我们达到这项了解。
要了解自己,我们必须对我们的关系——不只是和他人的关系,而且是对所有事物、对观念、对大自然的关系——有所觉察。如果我们要在人与人的关系——这是一切社会的基础——中产生革命,那么我们自己的价值观和观点必须有基本上的改变;然而,我们却回避这种不可或缺的根本自我改变,而想在世界上制造政治上的革命——此种革命永远导致流血和灾难。
以感觉为基础的关系,永远不是一项使人自我解脱的方法,然而,我们大部分人的关系却是以感觉为基础,这些关系都是我们渴望私人的利益、舒适、心理安全的结果。虽然这些关系可能使我们暂时逃避了自我,然而,它们却以其种种禁锢于束缚的活动增强了自我。关系是一面镜子,自我以及一切自我的活动均可在其中得以窥见。只有当自我的存在方式在关系的种种反应里获得了解,才能由自我之中产生创造性的解脱。
要改变世界,我们内心则要有新生。借着暴力,借着轻而易举的互相清算,是不会有所收获的。我们可能借着依附党派、研究社会和经济的改革方法,制定法律,或借着祷告,而获得暂时的解救;然而无论我们如何做,如果缺乏自我认识以及自我认知中所有的爱,则我们的问题将会继续扩展,不断增加。可是,如果我们全心致力于自我认识的工作,无疑我们将会解决许多冲突和悲哀。
现在的教育将我们塑造成一个个毫无思虑的人,对于我们天赋的发掘,现代教育甚少助益。我们通过某些考试,如果幸运的话,便获得了一项工作——这通常意味着,在此后的一生,干着无尽的例行公事。我们可能不喜欢我们的工作,然而我们不得不继续做下去,因为我们没有其他的谋生能力。我们可能想做一些完全迥异的事,然而,义务和责任逮住了我们,而我们被自己的忧虑和恐惧所围堵。由于受到挫折,我们便在性、酗酒、政治,或是空想的宗教中寻求逃避。
一旦野心受到阻碍,我们便会对某种平常的事物给与过分的重视,而在心里产生了扭曲。除非我们对于自己的生活和爱,对于政治上、宗教上、社会上的欲望以及由这些欲望而来的渴求和障碍,有深入的了解,否则,在我们的种种关系中,问题将会逐日增多,导致我们的不幸与毁灭。
无知,是对于自我的存在方式缺乏认识,此项无知无法借着肤浅的活动和改革而加以清除,而只能借着一个人对于自我在其一切关系中的运行和反应,加以时时地觉察。
应该明白的是,我们不仅受到环境条件的限制,而且我们即是“环境”——我们并非是环境外的东西。我们的思想和反应,被社会——而我们是社会中的一部分——加诸我们身上的价值观局限了。
我们一直不曾明白,我们即是环境,因为在我们心中存在着无数个实体,每个实体都以自我为中心。自我便是由这些实体所组成——这些实体只是各种形式的欲望而已。由这些众集着的欲望出现了一个中心体——思想者,“我”和“属于我的”的意志;而在自我和非自我,在“我”和环境或社会之间,便由此产生了区分。这项分离,是内在或外在冲突的起源。
对整个意识里的过程或潜藏着的过程的觉察,即冥想(meditaion);而经由这种冥想;自我及其种种欲望和冲突便得以超越。如果一个人要从自我藏身期间的种种影响和价值之中解脱,则必须要有自我认识,唯有在此种自由中,创造、真理、上帝,或随便你称它什么,才能存在。
从我们幼年起,舆论与传统便塑造了我们的思维和情感。直接而瞬时的种种影响和印象产生了一种强力且持续的效果,在我们意识的和无意识的整个生活过程中留下了痕迹。在孩童时期,由于教育和社会的压力,顺从附和的行为便开始了。
在我们的生活中,不仅是在表面的层次里,而且在深入的层次里,模仿的欲望是个强而有力的因素。我们几乎难得有任何独立的思维和情感。一旦有这种独立的思维和情感产生,它们也只是一种反作用而已,因此无法从既成的模式中解脱出来,因为在反作用中,绝对没有自由。
哲学与宗教定下某些方法,使我们得以达到真理或上帝的体现;然而仅遵循一项方法,这是处于不加思虑、不完整的状态,虽然,这项方法在我们日常社会生活中可能有利。顺从附和的需要——这是渴求安全感的欲望——制造了恐惧,而且推出了政治上和宗教上的种种权威、领导人和英雄人物,这些人鼓励人们奴颜婢膝,并且以狡诈或粗野的方法控制着人们。然而“不”顺从附和,却仅仅是一种抵抗权威的反作用,它绝对无法帮助我们成为一个完整的人。反作用是没有止境的,它只能再产生其他的反作用。
顺从附和以及潜伏其中的恐惧是一项障碍;然而,对于这件事实仅有智力上的认识,无法消除这项障碍。我们唯有以整个身心觉察到这项障碍时,才能由其中解脱,而不再制造其他更艰深的阻碍。
一旦我们的内心有所依赖,那么我们便被传统紧紧地控制住了;依照传统方式思考的心灵,无法发现新的事物。由于附和顺从,我们便成了凡庸的模仿者,成了这残酷的社会机器中的齿轮。重要的是我们自己的思想,而非别人所冀望于我们的思想。一旦我们附和了传统,我们便只会想到我们应该变成什么模样,而加以模仿。
对于我们应该达到的模样加以模仿,会使人滋生恐惧,而恐惧则扼杀了创造性的思想。恐惧使我们的内心迟钝,以至于我们对生活的整个意义毫无觉察;对我们自己的悲哀、飞鸟的翱翔、别人的微笑和不幸,我们变得麻木,毫无感觉。
意识的或无意识的恐惧,都有许多不同的原因,必须加以灵敏的留意才能铲除它们。恐惧无法借着戒律、升华或任何意志的行为而加以驱除,而必须找出恐惧的原因,加以了解。这需要耐心以及一种毫无任何批判意味的觉察力。
要了解意识上的恐惧,且加以解决,是比较简单的。然而无意识的恐惧,大部分人甚至还不曾发现它们,因为我们不让它们浮升到表面来;而一旦它们浮到表面上时,我们却赶紧将它们加以掩盖,逃避它们。潜藏的恐惧常常借着梦和其他的暗示,来显示它们的存在,它们比表面的恐惧,更能引起冲突和堕落。
我们的生活不只是存在于表面的,它的绝大部分都隐藏于深处,难以观察。如果我们要使潜藏的恐惧显露出来,获得解决,那么人的意识部分必须稍微缓和下来,不可持续不断地繁忙。当这些恐惧浮上表面时,必须毫无阻碍地对它们加以观察,因为任何形式的责难或辩解都只会增强恐惧。要从一切的恐惧解脱出来,我们必须对它使人混乱的影响有所觉悟,而唯有持续不断地警觉留意,才能揭露出它的种种原因。
由恐惧所产生的诸种结果之一,便是在与人有关的事物中接受了权威,但任何出自恐惧的事物,都无法帮助我们了解自身的问题,即使恐惧可能以对所谓智者的尊敬或服从的形式出现。智者并不使用权威,而掌握权威的人绝非智者。任何形式的恐惧,都阻止了我们对于自身以及和一切事物之间关系的了解。
顺从权威,乃是摒弃了智慧。接受权威,则是甘受控制,使自己受制于宗教上或政治上的某一个人,某一个集体或某一种意识形态;而此种使自己受制于权威的行为不仅摈弃了智慧,而且摒弃了个人的自由。屈从于一种教条,或一套思想体系,是一种自我保护的反应。接受权威可能暂时有助于掩饰我们种种的困难和问题,然而避开一项问题,却只能强化了这项问题,而在此过程中,自我认识和自由便被舍弃了。
自由和接受权威之间,如何能有妥协的余地呢?如果有所谓妥协,则那些自称寻求自我认识和自由的人,即在他们的努力之中缺乏真诚。我们似乎认为自由是一项最终的目的、一个目标,而为了自由,必须先使自己屈从于各种压制和恐惧。我们希望经由附和顺从的途径而达到自由,然而,手段和目的,不是同样的重要吗?目的,不是由手段所形成的吗?
要和平,一个人必须使用和平的手段,因为如果手段是残暴的,怎会有和平的结果呢?如果目标是自由,则开始就必须自由,因为终点和起点是一体的。唯有在开端便有自由,自我认识和智慧才能存在;而接受权威,便是摒弃了自由。
我们以种种的形式崇尚着权威:知识、成功、权利等等。我们在年轻人身上行使权威,同时却害怕更高的权威。当一个人没有内在的审视能力,则外在的权威和地位便显得重要了,于是他越来越受制于权威和压制,变成了别人的工具。我们可以在四周看到这种过程随时在进行着,比如在危机时期,民主国家采取集权主义的做法,忘却了民主,逼迫人民顺从。
如果了解存在于我们渴望支配他人或被支配的欲望背后的强制性,渴望恒久不变的欲望,在我们心中筑起以个人经验为主的权威,制造了社会上、家庭上、宗教上等等的外在权威。不过,如果仅仅对权威不闻不问,只抖掉它外在的象征,这是没有多大意义的。
冲出一项传统而附和另一项传统,离开一个领袖而跟随另一个领袖,这都是一种肤浅的行为。如果要觉察出权威的整个过程,如果要看出权威之所以存在的心理因素,如果要了解欲望而超越它,则我们需要有广泛的觉察力和领悟力,我们必须在开端——而非在结尾——得到自由。
渴求确定,渴求安全,是自我的种种主要活动之一,这种逼人的驱力必须随时加以注意,而不仅仅将它歪曲或强行进入另一个方向,或使它符合某种我们所希望的模式。我们大部分人的自我——“我”以及“属于我的”——都非常强烈,不论在睡眠或行走时,它总是十分机敏,随时在增强自己。然而,如果对自我加以觉察,并且觉悟到,自我的一切活动,不论如何巧妙,必会造成冲突和痛苦,那么对确定的渴望,对自我延续的渴望便会终止。一个人必须随时注意自我,揭露它种种存在的方式以及种种诡计。然而,当我们开始了解它们,并且了解权威所含的错综复杂的内容,以及我们在接受权威或否认权威的行为中所隐含的意义,则我们已经将自己从权威的牢笼中解脱出来了。
一旦心灵被渴求安全的欲望所控制与支配,那么它便无法从自我以及自我的种种问题中获得解脱,这也是为何无法经由教条和组织化的信仰——我们称之为宗教——而获得自我的解脱。教条和信仰,只是我们内心的外在投射而已。仪式、礼拜、被人尊奉的形式、不断重复的字句、虽然这些可能产生某些使人满足的反应,却无法将心灵从自我以及自我的种种活动中解脱出来,因为自我在基本上,是由感觉而产生的结果。
在悲哀的时候,我们转向所谓的上帝——这只是我们内心的意象而已;或者去寻求一些使人心满意足的解释,使自己获得暂时的安慰。我们所遵循的宗教,是由我们种种的希望和恐惧,由我们渴求内心安全与保证的欲望所制造出来的。随着对权威的崇拜——不管它是救世主、神父或教士的权威——便产生了服从、接受和模仿。因此,我们被人以上帝之名所利用,而我们继续地受苦过日子。
不论我们用什么名字称呼自己,我们都是人,而受苦成了我们的命运。悲哀,是我们大家所共有的,不论是理想主义者或是唯物论者,都是一样。理想主义,是对现存事物的一种逃避,而唯物论,却是否定了深邃莫测的“现在”的另一种逃避方式。理想主义者和唯物论者都有他们自己逃避这一复杂问题的方法;他们两者都被自己种种的渴望、野心和冲突,弄得心劳神疲,而他们的生活方式并无助于安宁。对于世界上的混乱和不幸,他们都难辞其咎。
当处于冲突、受苦的状态时,我们是不会有所了解的。在这种状态下,不管我们如何机灵、如何谨慎地设计出我们的行动,这行动只会产生更大的混乱和悲哀。要了解冲突,并且从中解脱的话,则对于意识的或非意识的心灵的种种存在方式,须加以留意警觉。
任何理想主义、任何制度或任何模式,都无法帮助我们解开深奥的心灵作用;相反地,任何公式或结论,都会阻碍我们对心灵作用的发掘,对于“应该如何”的追求,对于原则、理想的执着,对于目标的设置,这一切都造成诸多的迷惘。如果我们要认识自己,则必须自动自发,能自由地观察;而如果心灵局限于理想主义或唯物论的价值观,局限于一些肤浅的东西,则这一切都是不可能的。
生活,意指存在于关系之中。不论我们是否属于某种有组织的宗教,是否生活在俗世,或陷于理想的追求,我们的痛苦要获得解决,唯有借着了解存在于关系中的我们自己。唯有自我认识,才可以为人带来宁静与快乐,因为自我认识是智慧与人格完整的开端。智慧,并非是指从事于表面上的适应,不是心智的培养或知识的获取,而是对生活方式的了解能力,对正确价值的知觉力。
现代的教育在发展智力的同时,提供了越来越多的理论和事实,然而却没有启发对人生整体过程的了解。我们成了具有高度智力的人,我们发展了狡诈的心智,陷身与种种解释之中。智力可以借着种种学说和解释来满足,而智慧却不行。而为了了解生活的整体过程,则心智与情感必须在行动中完整一致。智慧与爱,是不可分的。
对于大部分人来说,要完成这项内心的革命是非常困难的。我们知道如何冥想,如何弹琴,如何写作,然而对于冥想者、弹琴者、写作者的本身却一无所知。我们缺乏创造力,因为我们以知识、见闻和傲慢填满我们整个内心;我们满肚子都是别人思考过的或说过的话。然而,首要的是亲身的体验、而非那体验的方式。要表现,必得先有爱。
因此,显而易见地,仅仅培育智力——即发展能力或知识——并不能产生智慧。智力和智慧,有所区别。智力是思想脱离情感而独自发生作用,而智慧则是感情和理智合一的能力。除非我们以智慧面对生活,而非仅以智力或感情来处理它,否则世界上任何政治制度或教育制度,都无法解救脱离混乱和毁灭的困境。
知识无法与智慧相比,知识不是智慧。智慧是无法换取的,它不是能借学识或戒律而购得的商品。智慧无法在书中寻获,无法加以聚集、背诵、或储存。智慧起于自我的舍弃。谦虚的心比学识更为重要,而要具有一颗谦虚的心,并非借着种种知识来填满它,而是对我们自己的思维、情感加以觉察,要细心注意我们自己以及四周的种种影响,要倾听他人,观察富人、穷人、有权势的人、卑微的人。智慧,并非经由恐惧或压制而产生,而是对每天人与人之间所发生的种种事件,加以观察和了解。
在我们追求知识、贪得无厌的欲望中,我们失去了爱,我们磨损了对美的感受,以及对残酷事物的敏感性;我们变得越来越有所专长,也越来越破碎不完整。知识无法取代智慧,不论有多少的解释,聚集了多少的知识,都无法使人从痛苦中解脱出来。知识是必须的,科学也有它的地位;然而,如果心灵被知识所窒息,如果借着解释而将痛苦的原因敷衍过去,则生活便是虚度而无意义。我们大部分人不正是如此吗?教育使我们日趋肤浅,它并未帮我们揭露生命的深邃底层,我们的生活日益空洞而不和谐。
见闻、知识虽然一直增加,然而由其本质看来,它却不是无限的。智慧是无限的,它包括了知识和行动方式;我们抓住一根树枝,以为它就是整棵树。经由“部分”的知识,我们无法体会“整体”的喜悦。智力永远无法构成整体,因为它只是一个片段,只是一部分。
我们将智力和情感分开,发展了智力,却戕害了情感。我们像是一件三条腿的东西,有一条比其他两条长,因此我们失去了平衡。我们被训练成徒具智力的人。我们的教育培养智力,使其锐利、狡诈、贪得无厌,因此,智力在我们的生活中占了最重要的地位。智慧远比智力重要,因为,智慧是理智与爱的结合。然而,唯有认识自我,对自己的整体过程有深入的了解,智慧才会产生。
不论年轻人或老年人,重要的是充分而圆满地生活,因此,重要的问题是在培育那使人完整一致的智慧。过分强调我们整个结构的任何一部分,会造成一种残缺不全的,也就是歪曲的生活观,而这项歪曲便制造出我们大部分的问题。我们整个人格任何一部分的残缺发展,必然为我们自己和社会带来不幸。因此,以一种完整的生活观来面对我们的人生问题,非常重要。
做一个完整的人,要了解自己潜藏的以及表面意识的整个过程。如果我们过分强调智力,上述的了解即不可能。我们十分重视心智的培育,然而我们的内心却残缺、贫乏、混乱。因为观念犹如信仰一般,只会造成互相冲突的集团,而无法促进人类团结。
只要我们依持思维,把它当作是使人圆满完整的一种方法,那么分裂的现象便在所难免;而要了解思维的分裂作用,便要对自我的种种存在方式,对自己的欲望的种种存在方式加以觉察。必须觉察到我们集体的和私人的行为,以及它的种种反应。唯有当一个人充分地觉察到自我的种种活动,觉察到互相矛盾的欲望、追求、希望和恐惧,才有可能超越自我。
唯有爱和正确的思考,才会产生真正的革命——我们内心的革命。然而我们如何才能具有爱?这并非是将爱做为理想而加以追求,而是在仇恨、贪婪、造成对立的原因结束时。一个陷身于剥削、贪婪、疑忌的人,是永远无法爱的。
没有爱和正确的思考,迫害和残酷的行为将有增无减。人与人互相对立的问题要获得解决,并非借着对和平这一理想的追求,而是借着对战争原因的了解——这原因存在于我们面对生活和其他人类的态度中;这项了解,唯有经由正确的教育才能获致。如果没有内心的改变,没有善意,没有经由自我觉悟而得来的内在改造,人类将无法获得和平与幸福。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 3 'INTELLECT, AUTHORITY AND INTELLIGENCE'
MANY of us seem to think that by teaching every human being to read and write, we shall solve our human problems; but this idea has proved to be false. The so-called educated are not peace-loving, integrated people, and they too are responsible for the confusion and misery of the world.
The right kind of education means the awakening of intelligence, the fostering of an integrated life, and only such education can create a new culture and a peaceful world; but to bring about this new kind of education, we must make a fresh start on an entirely different basis.
With the world falling into ruin about us, we discuss theories and vain political questions, and play with superficial reforms. Does this not indicate utter thoughtlessness on our part? Some may agree that it does, but they will go on doing exactly as they have always done - and that is the sadness of existence. When we hear a truth and do not act upon it, it becomes a poison within ourselves, and that poison spreads, bringing psychological disturbances, unbalance and ill health. Only when creative intelligence is awakened in the individual is there a possibility of a peaceful and happy life.
We cannot be intelligent by merely substituting one government for another, one party or class for another, one exploiter for another. Bloody revolution can never solve our problems. Only a profound inward revolution which alters all our values can create a different environment, an intelligent social structure, and such a revolution can be brought about only by you and me. No new order will arise until we individually break down our own psychological barriers and are free.
On paper we can draw the blueprints for a brilliant Utopia, a brave new world; but the sacrifice of the present to an unknown future will certainly never solve any of our problems. There are so many elements intervening between now and the future, that no man can know what the future will be. What we can and must do if we are in earnest, is to tackle our problems now, and not postpone them to the future. Eternity is not in the future; eternity is now. Our problems exist in the present, and it is only in the present that they can be solved.
Those of us who are serious must regenerate ourselves; but there can be regeneration only when we break away from those values which we have created through our self-protective and aggressive desires. Self-knowledge is the beginning of freedom, and it is only when we know ourselves that we can bring about order and peace. Now, some may ask, `What can a single individual do that will affect history? Can he accomplish anything at all by the way he lives?" Certainly he can. You and I are obviously not going to stop the immediate wars, or create an instantaneous understanding between nations; but at least we can bring about, in the world of our everyday relationships, a fundamental change which will have its own effect.
Individual enlightenment does affect large groups of people, but only if one is not eager for results. If one thinks in terms of gain and effect, right transformation of oneself is not possible.
Human problems are not simple, they are very complex. To understand them requires patience and insight, and it is of the highest importance that we as individuals understand and resolve them for ourselves. They are not to be understood through easy formulas or slogans; nor can they be solved at their own level by specialists working along a particular line, which only leads to further confusion and misery. Our many problems can be understood and resolved only when we are aware of ourselves as a total process, that is, when we understand our whole psychological make-up; and no religious or political leader can give us the key to that understanding.
To understand ourselves, we must be aware of our relationship, not only with people, but also with property, with ideas and with nature. If we are to bring about a true revolution in human relationship, which is the basis of all society, there must be a fundamental change in our own values and outlook; but we avoid the necessary and fundamental transformation of ourselves, and try to bring about political revolutions in the world, which always leads to bloodshed and disaster.
Relationship based on sensation can never be a means of release from the self; yet most of our relationships are based on sensation, they are the outcome of our desire for personal advantage, for comfort, for psychological security. Though they may offer us a momentary escape from the self, such relationships only give strength to the self, with its enclosing and binding activities. Relationship is a mirror in which the self and all its activities can be seen; and it is only when the ways of the self are understood in the reactions of relationship that there is creative release from the self.
To transform the world, there must be regeneration within ourselves. Nothing can be achieved by violence, by the easy liquidation of one another. We may find a temporary release by joining groups, by studying methods of social and economic reform, by enacting legislation, or by praying; but do what we will, without self-knowledge and the love that is inherent in it, our problems will ever expand and multiply. Whereas, if we apply our minds and hearts to the task of knowing ourselves, we shall undoubtedly solve our many conflicts and sorrows.
Modern education is making us into thoughtless entities; it does very little towards helping us to find our individual vocation. We pass certain examinations and then, with luck, we get a job - which often means endless routine for the rest of our life. We may dislike our job, but we are forced to continue with it because we have no other means of livelihood. We may want to do something entirely different, but commitments and responsibilities hold us down, and we are hedged in by our own anxieties and fears. Being frustrated, we seek escape through sex, drink, politics or fanciful religion.
When our ambitions are thwarted, we give undue importance to that which should be normal, and we develop a psychological twist. Until we have a comprehensive understanding of our life and love, of our political, religious and social desires, with their demands and hindrances, we shall have everincreasing problems in our relationships, leading us to misery and destruction.
Ignorance is lack of knowledge of the ways of the self, and this ignorance cannot be dissipated by superficial activities and reforms; it can be dissipated only by one's constant awareness of the movements and responses of the self in all its relationships.
What we must realize is that we are not only conditioned by environment, but that we are the environment - we are not something apart from it. Our thoughts and responses are conditioned by the values which society, of which we are a part, has imposed upon us.
We never see that we are the total environment because there are several entities in us, all revolving around the `me', the self. The self is made up of these entities, which are merely desires in various forms. From this conglomeration of desires arises the central figure, the thinker, the will of the"me" and the "mine; and a division is thus established between the self and the not-self, between the"me" and the environment or society. This separation is the beginning of conflict, inward and outward.
Awareness of this whole process, both the conscious and the hidden, is meditation; and through this meditation the self, with its desires and conflicts, is transcended. Self-knowledge is necessary if one is to be free of the influences and values that give shelter to the self; and in this freedom alone is there creation, truth, God, or what you will.
Opinion and tradition mould our thoughts and feelings from the tenderest age. The immediate influences and impressions produce an effect which is powerful and lasting, and which shapes the whole course of our conscious and unconscious life. Conformity begins in childhood through education and the impact of society.
The desire to imitate is a very strong factor in our life, not only at the superficial levels, but also profoundly. We have hardly any independent thoughts and feelings. When they do occur, they are mere reactions, and are therefore not free from the established pattern; for there is no freedom in reaction.
Philosophy and religion lay down certain methods whereby we can come to the realization of truth or God; yet merely to follow a method is to remain thoughtless and unintegrated, however beneficial the method may seem to be in our daily social life. The urge to conform, which is the desire for security, breeds fear and brings to the fore the political and religious authorities, the leaders and heroes who encourage subservience and by whom we are subtly or grossly dominated; but not to conform is only a reaction against authority, and in no way helps us to become integrated human beings. Reaction is endless, it only leads to further reaction.
Conformity, with its undercurrent of fear, is a hindrance; but mere intellectual recognition of this fact will not resolve the hindrance. It is only when we are aware of hindrances with our whole being that we can be free of them without creating further and deeper blockages.
When we are inwardly dependent, then tradition has a great hold on us; and a mind that thinks along traditional lines cannot discover that which is new. By conforming we become mediocre imitators, cogs in a cruel social machine. It is what we think that matters, not what others want us to think. When we conform to tradition, we soon become mere copies of what we should be.
This imitation of what we should be, breeds fear; and fear kills creative thinking. Fear dulls the mind and heart so that we are not alert to the whole significance of life; we become insensitive to our own sorrows, to the movement of the birds, to the smiles and miseries of others.
Conscious and unconscious fear has many different causes, and it needs alert watchfulness to be rid of them all. Fear cannot be eliminated through discipline, sublimation, or through any other act of will: its causes have to be searched out and understood. This needs patience and an awareness in which there is no judgment of any kind.
It is comparatively easy to understand and dissolve our conscious fears. But unconscious fears are not even discovered by most of us, for we do not allow them to come to the surface; and when on rare occasions they do come to the surface, we hasten to cover them up, to escape from them. Hidden fears often make their presence known through dreams and other forms of intimation, and they cause greater deterioration and conflict than do the superficial fears.
Our lives are not just on the surface, their greater part is concealed from casual observation. If we would have our obscure fears come into the open and dissolve, the conscious mind must be somewhat still, not everlastingly occupied; then, as these fears come to the surface, they must be observed without let or hindrance, for any form of condemnation or justification only strengthens fear. To be free from all fear, we must be awake to its darkening influence, and only constant watchfulness can reveal its many causes.
One of the results of fear is the acceptance of authority in human affairs. Authority is created by our desire to be right, to be secure, to be comfortable, to have no conscious conflicts or disturbances; but nothing which results from fear can help us to understand our problems, even though fear may take the form of respect and submission to the so-called wise. The wise wield no authority, and those in authority are not wise. Fear in whatever form prevents the understanding of ourselves and of our relationship to all things.
The following of authority is the denial of intelligence. To accept authority is to submit to domination to sub- jugate oneself to an individual, to a group, or to an ideology, whether religious or political; and this subjugation of oneself to authority is the denial, not only of intelligence, but also of individual freedom. Compliance with a creed or a system of ideas is a self-protective reaction. The acceptance of authority may help us temporarily to cover up our difficulties and problems; but to avoid a problem is only to intensify it, and in the process, self-knowledge and freedom are abandoned.
How can there be compromise between freedom and the acceptance of authority? If there is compromise, then those who say they are seeking self-knowledge and freedom are not earnest in their endeavour. We seem to think that freedom is an ultimate end, a goal, and that in order to become free we must first submit ourselves to various forms of suppression and intimidation. We hope to achieve freedom through conformity; but are not the means as important as the end? Do not the means shape the end?
To have peace, one must employ peaceful means; for if the means are violent, how can the end be peaceful? If the end is freedom, the beginning must be free, for the end and the beginning are one. There can be self-knowledge and intelligence only when there is freedom at the very outset; and freedom is denied by the acceptance of authority.
We worship authority in various forms: knowledge, success, power, and so on. We exert authority on the young, and at the same time we are afraid of superior authority. When man himself has no inward vision, outward power and position assume vast importance, and then the indi- vidual is more and more subject to authority and compulsion, he becomes the instrument of others. We can see this process going on around us: in moments of crisis, the democratic nations act like the totalitarian, forgetting their democracy and forcing man to conform.
If we can understand the compulsion behind our desire to dominate or to be dominated, then perhaps we can be free from the crippling effects of authority. We crave to be certain, to be right, to be successful, to know; and this desire for certainty, for permanence, builds up within ourselves the authority of personal experience, while outwardly it creates the authority of society, of the family, of religion, and so on. But merely to ignore authority, to shake off its outward symbols, is of very little significance.
To break away from one tradition and conform to another, to leave this leader and follow that, is but a superficial gesture. If we are to be aware of the whole process of authority, if we are to see the inwardness of it, if we are to understand and transcend the desire for certainty, then we must have extensive awareness and insight, we must be free, not at the end, but at the beginning.
The craving for certainty, for security is one of the major activities of the self, and it is this compelling urge that has to be constantly watched, and not merely twisted or forced in another direction, or made to conform to a desired pattern. The self, the "me" and the "mine," is very strong in most of us; sleeping or waking, it is ever alert, always strengthening itself. But when there is an awareness of the self and a realization that all its activities, however subtle, must inevitably lead to conflict and pain, then the craving for certainty, for self-continuance comes to an end. One has to be constantly watchful for the self to reveal its ways and tricks; but when we begin to understand them, and to understand the implications of authority and all that is involved in our acceptance and denial of it, then we are already disentangling ourselves from authority.
As long as the mind allows itself to be dominated and controlled by the desire for its own security, there can be no release from the self and its problems; and that is why there is no release from the self through dogma and organized belief, which we call religion. Dogma and belief are only projections of our own mind. The rituals, the puja, the accepted forms of meditation, the constantly-repeated words and phrases, though they may produce certain gratifying responses, do not free the mind from the self and its activities; for the self is essentially the outcome of sensation.
In moments of sorrow, we turn to what we call God, which is but an image of our own minds; or we find gratifying explanations, and this gives us temporary comfort. The religions that we follow are created by our hopes and fears, by our desire for inward security and reassurance; and with the worship of authority, whether it is that of a saviour, a master or a priest, there come submission, acceptance and imitation. So, we are exploited in the name of God, as we are exploited in the name of parties and ideologies - and we go on suffering.
We are all human beings, by whatever name we may call ourselves, and suffering is our lot. Sorrow is common to all of us, to the idealist and to the materialist. Idealism is an escape from what is, and materialism is another way of denying the measureless depths of the present. Both the idealist and the materialist have their own ways of avoiding the complex problem of suffering; both are consumed by their own cravings, ambitions and conflicts, and their ways of life are not conducive to tranquillity. They are both responsible for the confusion and misery of the world.
Now, when we are in a state of conflict, of suffering, there is no comprehension: in that state, however cunningly and carefully thought out our action may be, it can only lead to further confusion and sorrow. To understand conflict and so to be free from it, there must be an awareness of the ways of the conscious and of the unconscious mind.
No idealism, no system or pattern of any kind, can help us to unravel the deep workings of the mind; on the contrary, any formulation or conclusion will hinder their discovery. The pursuit of what should be, the attachment to principles, to ideals, the establishment of a goal - all this leads to many illusions. If we are to know ourselves, there must be a certain spontaneity, a freedom to observe, and this is not possible when the mind is enclosed in the superficial, in idealistic or materialistic values.
Existence is relationship; and whether we belong to an organized religion or not, whether we are worldly or caught up in ideals, our suffering can be resolved only through the understanding of ourselves in relationship. Self-knowledge alone can bring tranquillity and happiness to man, for self-knowledge is the beginning of intelligence and integration. Intelligence is not mere superficial adjustment; it is not the cultivation of the mind, the acquisition of knowledge. Intelligence is the capacity to understand the ways of life, it is the perception of right values.
Modern education, in developing the intellect, offers more and more theories and facts, without bringing about the understanding of the total process of human existence. We are highly intellectual; we have developed cunning minds, and are caught up in explanations. The intellect is satisfied with theories and explanations, but intelligence is not; and for the understanding of the total process of existence, there must be an integration of the mind and heart in action. Intelligence is not separate from love.
For most of us, to accomplish this inward revolution is extremely arduous. We know how to meditate, how to play the piano, how to write, but we have no knowledge of the meditator, the player, the writer. We are not creators, for we have filled our hearts and minds with knowledge, information and arrogance; we are full of quotations from what others have thought or said. But experiencing comes first, not the way of experiencing. There must be love before there can be the expression of love.
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2009/01/20 19:07 为了要找出教育在今日世界的危机中担当何种角色,我们就必须先了解这项危机是如何造成的。显然,这是由于我们和他人、财物、观念之间的错误价值观所致。如果我们和他人的关系是基于自我扩张,和财物的关系是基于贪得无厌,则社会的结构必然是竞争性的、孤立性的。如果在我们和观念的关系中,辩护某一种意识形态,而反对另一种意识形态,则猜疑和敌意,是不可避免的结果。
目前混乱的另一个原因,是对权威、领导人的依赖。不论是在日常生活中,或是在小学校、大学校里,情形都是一样。在任何文化里,领导人以及他们的权威都是败坏堕落的原因。我们跟随他人,这其中并无了解,只有恐惧和附和顺从,其结果必导致集权国家的残暴,或有组织的教条主义。
必须始于自我了解才能达到和平,而仰赖于政府,期望于种种团体或权威,只会制造更严重的冲突。如果我们接受了一种社会,其中存在着人与人之间永无止境的斗争和对立,则永恒的幸福便不可得。如果要改变我们的生存条件,首先,就必须改变我们自己。也就是说,必须在日常生活中觉察到自己的种种行动、思维和情感。
然而,我们并非真正地想要和平,我们并不想终止剥削的行为。我们不允许我们的贪婪之心受到干预,或是我们目前社会结构的基础遭到改变。我们让事情照旧继续下去,只做一些表面的改革,因此,无可避免地,有权势的人、狡诈的人便统治了我们的生活。
和平无法借着某种意识形态而获得,它也不依赖于立法。唯有当我们作为一个人,了解了我们的自我心理过程时,和平才会来临。如果我们逃避了应由个人负担的这个责任,而期待某种新的制度来建立和平的话,那么我们只会成为这个制度下的奴隶而已。
当政府、独裁者、大企业以及掌握教会大权的人士,看到这种人与人之间有增无减的对立状态终将导致同归于尽,因此不再有利可图时,他们可能会通过立法或其他强制的方式,强迫我们压抑私人的渴望和野心,同时为了人类的幸福而合作。就如同今日,我们被教育、被鼓励去做无情的竞争,那时,我们将被迫去互相尊重,为全世界工作。
虽然我们那时可能人人有饭吃,有衣穿,有房子住,我们却无法从冲突和对立中解脱。这种冲突和对立只会转变到另一方面去,只会变得更凶暴,更具破坏性。只有道德而正确的行为才是自动自发的,而且只有了解才能为人类带来和平与快乐。
信仰、意识形态以及有组织的宗教,将我们置于和他人对立的状态下。冲突不仅存在于各种不同的社会之间,而且存在于同一社会的种种团体之间。我们必须体会到,一旦将自己和某一个国家视为同一,一旦我们依附于安全感,一旦我们被教条所限制,则在我们自身以及世界中,将出现斗争和不幸。
仅仅教导人们成为了不起的工程师,卓越的科学家、有才气的高级职员、熟练的工人,绝对无法促使压迫者和被压迫者联合团结。我们可以眼见目前的教育制度——它对于造成人之间敌对与仇恨的许多原因都一概容忍——它不曾阻止以国家之名或以上帝之名所行的集体屠杀。
有组织的宗教,以及它在世俗上或精神上的权威,也同样无法为人类带来和平。因为,他们仍是我们的愚昧、恐惧、虚伪和自私所造成的结果。
因为我们渴望在现世或来世获得安全,于是制造出一些制度和意识形态,以确保此项安全。然而,我们拼命求取安全,越是无法获得它。求安全的欲望只助长了分裂,增加了对立。如果我们深深地体会而且了解了这项真理,不只是口头上或智力上的明白,而是全心全意地了解,那么,便会在四周所接触的世界里,着手于根本改变我们和他人的关系。而且,唯有如此,才有可能达到人类的团结和友爱。
我们大部分人都因形形色色的恐惧而心劳神疲,对自己的安全都十分注重。我们希望,借着某种奇迹,战争便会消逝,而同时我们却一直指摘其他国家集团是战争的煽动者,就如同他们也同样把战争的祸患归罪于我们一样。虽然战争有害于社会,我们却随时备战,并且在年轻人的心中培养了黩武精神。
然而,军事训练在教育中有任何价值吗?这就要看我们希望孩子成为何种人而定。如果希望他们成为阴狠的杀人凶手,则军事训练是必须的。如果希望训练他们,支使他们的心智,使他们成为国家主义者——也就是使他们不把社会当成一个整体而对它负责,则军事训练便是一条良好的可循之路。如果我们喜爱死亡和毁灭,则军事训练显然是重要的。将军的任务是设计战争,执行战争计划;如果我们欲与邻人不断地发生战争,那么,让我们不顾一切地造就更多的将军吧!
如果我们活在世上,为的只是在内心以及和邻人之间保持不断地斗争;如果我们渴望流血和不幸延续不绝,那么就需要更多的军人、更多的政客、更多的仇恨——这正是目前发生的情形。现代文明是基于暴力,因此它是自取灭亡。只要我们崇尚武力,则暴行便成为我们的生活方式。然而,如果我们希望和平,如果我们希望在人与人之间——不论他是基督教徒或印度教徒,是俄国人或美国人——有真正的关系,如果我们希望孩子成为完整的人,则军事训练绝对是一项阻碍,施行这种训练,是一条错误的途径。
仇恨和斗争的主要原因之一,是相信某一个特殊阶级或种族优于另一个阶级或种族。孩子没有阶级或种族的意识,是家庭或学校环境促使他有人与人隔离的感觉。孩子本身并不在乎他的玩伴是个黑人或犹太人,是佛教徒或天主教徒;然而整个社会结构的压力不断冲击他的心,影响了他,塑造了他。
这里的问题仍然不在孩子,而在成人。成人制造了一个人与人隔离而充满了虚假价值的荒谬环境。
在人类之间加以区分有何根据呢?我们的肉体可能在组织和肤色方面有所不同,我们的脸孔可能不太相似,然而在皮肤底下的我们是非常相像的:骄傲、野心勃勃、妒嫉、充满暴力、具有性欲、追逐权力等等。除去了标签后,我们是赤裸裸的;然而我们不愿意面对我们的赤裸,因此我们固执于标签——这表示我们是多么的幼稚,多么的不成熟。
为了使孩子在成长中免于偏见的影响,我们首先必须打破心中一切偏见,然后打破存在于四周环境的偏见——也就是说,把我们亲自制造出来的这个不加思索的社会结构破除。我们在家里可能告诉孩子说,阶级或种族的意识是荒谬的,而孩子可能会同意我们的话;然而,当他到学校去和别的孩子一起游戏时,他便感染了这种在人与人之间加以区分隔离的态度。有时,情形正好相反;在家庭中,可能拘泥传统,眼光狭窄,而学校的影响可能使他比较开阔。在上述两种情形下,家庭和学校环境之间永远存在着冲突,孩子便陷于这种冲突之中。
我们与孩子之间必须保持密切的关系,才能让他健全地成长,帮助他具有知觉力,能洞察这些愚蠢的偏见。我们必须把问题加以讨论,让孩子听听人们明智的谈话。我们也必须鼓励已存在于他心中的探究与不满的精神,借此帮助他去发现何谓真,何谓假。
不停的探讨以及真正的不满之情,促发了创造性的智慧。然而,使探究与不满之情保持清醒,是非常困难的。大部分的人都不希望他们的孩子拥有这种智慧,因为和一个对公认的价值加以探究询问的孩子生活在一起,是十分使人为难的。
当我们年轻时,我们都是不满的。然而不幸的是,我们的不满之情不久便消逝了,被我们模仿的倾向以及对权威的崇拜所窒息。当我们年长时,我们便开始凝滞了,变得心怀恐惧而易于满足。我们成为高级职员、牧师、银行职员、工厂经理、技术人员后,逐渐地腐朽了。由于渴望保持我们的地位,我们便支持这个具有毁灭性的社会——它给予我们某种地位和安全。
政府控制教育,根本是一种错误。教育一旦成为国家或有组织宗教的听命奴婢,则世界上便没有和平与秩序的希望。然而,越来越多的政府开始负起监督儿童及其未来生活的任务,因为政府不这么做,宗教团体便会设法来控制教育。
这种把孩子的心灵加以限制,以适合某种政治或宗教的特殊意识形态的做法,在人与人之间滋生了仇恨。在一个竞争的社会里,人与人的团结和友爱是不可能的,而任何改革、任何专制独裁、任何教育方法,都无法促使团结和友爱的产生。
只要你坚称自己是个新西兰人,而我自称是个印度人,则奢言人类团结即是一件荒谬的事。如果,你我在各自的土地上,维护着我们个别的宗教成见和经济方式,则我们如何能成为和平相处的人类呢?如果存在着离间人类的爱国主义,当成千上万的人因为经济萧条而匮乏,其他人却富有繁华,这时怎会有人类的友爱存在呢?当我们被信仰所分离,当一群人被另一群人所控制,当富有的人权势在握,当穷人也同样追逐着权势,当土地分配不均,当有人饱食而千万人在挨饿时,怎会有人类的团结呢?
我们的难题之一,在于我们对这些事物毫无真诚之心,因为我们不愿受到干扰,只在有利的方式下才想改革事物,因此,我们对于自己的空虚和残酷是不太关怀的。
借着暴力,我们能获得和平吗?和平是借着缓慢的时间过程而逐渐达到的吗?显然,爱与训练或时间无关。我想,以前的两次世界大战都是为了争取民主;如今,我们又准备进行一次更浩大、更具有毁灭性的战争,而人民却比以前更无自由。然而,如果我们把权威、信仰、国家主义以及整个阶级区分的态度等有害于了解的种种障碍除去的话,结果会如何呢?我们将会成为没有权威的人,而我们之间彼此有直接的关系——那时,也许就会有爱与同情。
在教育上,就像在其他各方面,重要的是造就能了解而富于爱心的人,他们的内心不会充满空洞的言辞,而是充满只用心灵制造出来的东西。(with the things of the mind)
如果我们要思考、关怀、爱惜快乐的生活,了解自己则是十分重要的。如果我们希望建造一个真正开明的社会,我们的教育者就必须了解何谓完整的人,如此才能将此种了解赋予接受教育的孩子。
这种教育者对于今日的社会结构来说,是一种威胁。然而,我们并非真正想建造一个开明的社会。因此,任何教师如果洞察了有关和平的一切问题,而指出国家主义的真正含义以及战争的愚蠢,他便会立刻失去职位。大部分的教师知道这种情形后,便妥协了。因此,他们也就助长了今日的剥削和暴力的制度,使其持续不坠。
显然,要发现真理,就必须从我们自身中的挣扎和与邻人的纷争中解脱。当我们内心没有冲突时,也就不会有外在的冲突。由于内心的挣扎向外表现而成了世界上的冲突。
战争,是我们每日生活所投射而成的血腥表现。我们每日的生活促成了战争,如果我们不改变自己的话,便会引起国家、种族间的对立,引起对于意识形态的幼稚争执,军队的扩增,对国旗的崇拜,以及许许多多引起集体屠杀的暴行。
世界各地的教育都失败了,它制造出与日俱增的毁灭和不幸。每个政府都把青年训练成它们所需要的效力十足的军人和专家,组织化、集体化和成见受到培植、加强。考虑到这些事实后,我们必须探寻生存有何意义,我们的生活有何价值和目的。我们必须发现,何者才是创造一种新环境的有利途径。因为,环境可以把孩子制造成一个粗野的、感觉麻木的专家,也可以帮助他成为一个敏感、有智慧的人。我们必须创造一个完完全全不同的世界政府,它不是以国家主义、意识形态或暴力为基础。
这一切意味着我们要了解:在互为关系的双方是要相互负责的。然而要了解我们的责任,我们心中要有爱,而非仅仅只有学问或知识。我们的爱越宏大,它在社会的影响也就越深。然而我们都只徒具心智,而无情感;我们培养智力,鄙视谦虚。如果我们真正爱孩子,我们一定希望挽救他、保护他,不会让他牺牲于战火之下。
我想,我们其实渴望武器,也喜欢展示军事力量,喜欢制服、仪式、酒精、噪音、暴力。我们每日的生活是这种残暴与肤浅的缩影,我们由于妒嫉、不加思考,而互相毁灭。
我们希望富有,而我们越富有,便变得越无情,虽然我们可能捐献大笔钱给慈善机构或教育事业。我想我们并不明白我们的所作所为都将造成何种灾难。我们大部分人每天都过着匆忙而不思考的日子,让政府以及狡诈的政客来左右我们的生活。
一切掌握了主权的政府都免不了备战,任何政府都不例外。为了使国民善于作战,能有效地尽职,政府显然必须控制他们、支配他们。他们必须接受教育,以便如机械一般地操作,残酷无情地发挥效力。如果生活的目的和意义在于毁灭他人和被他人毁灭,则教育“必须”鼓励残酷无情。然而我实在不敢肯定我们内心的渴望并非如此,因为,残酷无情和崇拜成功,是不可分离的。
主权国家并不希望他的国民解脱而能自由思考,于是借着宣传或歪曲历史的解释等等手段,以控制它的国民。因此,教育便越来越成为一种教人想“什么”,而非教人“怎样”思考的手段了。如果我们不依赖当时的政治制度而独立思考,我们会成为一种威胁;自由的学院可能会产生爱好和平、厌弃战争的人,或是一些与执政者持相反意见的人。
正确的教育,对于掌控主权的政府显然是一项威胁——因此便被明文禁止,或暗中阻挠。将教育和粮食握在少数人手中,已经成为一项控制人们的方法。只要我们是制造商品以及枪弹的有效机器,政府——不论是左派的或右派的——便无所关心了。
这种情形正盛行于世界各地。这件事说明了身为公民以及教育者,以及对目前政府负有责任的我们,并非真正关怀世上的人是自由或是被奴役,是和平相处或是相互战争,是幸福或是不幸。我们希望在这儿那儿来个小政革,然而我们大部分人都不敢粉碎目前的社会,而建造一个全新的社会结构,因为,这需要我们自身的彻底改变。
另一个方面,有人则设法掀起暴力革命。这些人在助长了目前这个充满冲突、混乱与不幸的社会后,现在却又希望组织一个完美的社会。然而,既然是我们创造了目前的社会,我们之中又有谁能够再组织一个完美的社会呢?相信借着暴力可以获致和平,乃是为了一个未来的理想而牺牲了现在。此种借着错误的手段以谋求正确的目标,是造成目前灾难的原因之一。
感官价值的扩展与受重视,必然造就了经济势力范围等毒素,他们使人与人之间无法合作。社会是你和他人之间的关系;如果没有深入了解此项关系——不是在某种层次上了解,而是当做整体过程而加以完整的了解——则我们必会再制造出同样的社会结构,虽然这社会结构已经过了肤浅的改变。
如果我们要根本地改变目前人与人的关系——它为世界带来了无尽的不幸,我们唯一而且刻不容缓的工作,是经由自我认识而改变自己。因此,我们回到问题中心点:每一个人自己。然而,我们规避了这重要的一点,而把责任推给政府、宗教或意识形态。我们是什么样子,政府就是什么样子,而宗教、意识形态则只是我们自身的表现。除非“我们”改变了,否则便不可能有正确的教育或和平的世界。
唯有爱与智慧存在,才能使所有的人获得外在的安全。然而既然我们创造了一个充满冲突与不幸的社会,使得人人都无法很快地获得外在的安全,这不就表示过去和现在的教育完全失败吗?身为父母和教师,我们切身的责任在于破除传统的思考,而不只是仰赖于专家以及他们的发现。在技术方面的胜任,使我们有赚钱的能力,因此大部分人对于目前的社会结构都感到满意。然而,真正的教育者所关心的,只是正确的生活、正确的教育,以及正确的谋生方式。
我们在这些事情上越是不负责任,国家便越是接收了这些责任。我们面对的,不是某种政治上或经济上的危机,而是人类败坏堕落的危机。这是任何党派、任何经济制度所无法扭转的。
另一个更大的灾难正一天天地逼近我们,而我们大部分人面对着它却毫无反应。我们一天一天渡过,完全和往日一样;我们不想除去虚假的价值观,重新开始。我们只希望补缀式的改革,这种改革只会产生新的问题,接着又需要新的改革。然而,整座建筑物正逐渐瓦解,城墙坍塌,大火在燃烧。我们必须离开建筑物,到新的土地上,用不同的基础,不同的价值重新建造。
我们无法丢弃技术上的知识。然而,我们的内心可以意识到我们的丑陋、无情、失望、欺诈和缺乏爱心。唯有借着智慧,使我们从国家主义、从妒嫉、从权利欲中解脱,那么,新的社会秩序才能建立起来。
和平是无法借着补缀式的改革而获得,也无法借着重新调整旧观念和迷信而获得。当我们了解了存在于表面之下的事物,而因此阻止了这毁灭之流——它因我们的侵略性和恐惧而泛滥横行——和平才能存在。唯有此时,我们的孩子才有希望,我们的世界才能获得拯救。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 4 'EDUCATION AND WORLD PEACE'
TO DISCOVER what part education can play in the present world crisis, we should understand how that crisis has come into being. It is obviously the result of wrong values in our relationship to people, to property and to ideas. If our relationship with others is based on self-aggrandizement, and our relationship to property is acquisitive, the structure of society is bound to be competitive and self-isolating. If in our relationship with ideas we justify one ideology in opposition to another, mutual distrust and ill will are the inevitable results.
Another cause of the present chaos is dependence on authority, on leaders, whether in daily life, in the small school or in the university. Leaders and their authority are deteriorating factors in any culture. When we follow another there is no understanding, but only fear and conformity, eventually leading to the cruelty of the totalitarian State and the dogmatism of organized religion.
To rely on governments, to look to organizations and authorities for that peace which must begin with the under- standing of ourselves, is to create further and still greater conflict; and there can be no lasting happiness as long as we accept a social order in which there is endless strife and antagonism between man and man. If we want to change existing conditions, we must first transform ourselves, which means that we must become aware of our own actions, thoughts and feelings in everyday life.
But we do not really want peace, we do not want to put an end to exploitation. We will not allow our greed to be interfered with, or the foundations of our present social structure to be altered; we want things to continue as they are with only superficial modifications, and so the powerful, the cunning inevitably rule our lives.
Peace is not achieved through any ideology, it does not depend on legislation; it comes only when we as individuals begin to understand our own psychological process. If we avoid the responsibility of acting individually and wait for some new system to establish peace, we shall merely become the slaves of that system.
When governments, dictators, big business and the clerically powerful begin to see that this increasing antagonism between men only leads to indiscriminate destruction and is therefore no longer profitable, they may force us, through legislation and other means of compulsion, to suppress our personal cravings and ambitions and to co-operate for the well-being of mankind. just as we are now educated and encouraged to be competitive and ruthless, so then we shall be compelled to respect one another and to work for the world as a whole. And even though we may all be well fed, clothed and sheltered, we shall not be free of our conflicts and antagonisms, which will merely have shifted to another plane, where they will be still more diabolical and devastating. The only moral or righteous action is voluntary, and understanding alone can bring peace and happiness to man.
Beliefs, ideologies and organized religions are setting us against our neighbours; there is conflict, not only among different societies, but among groups within the same society. We must realize that as long as we identify ourselves with a country, as long as we cling to security, as long as we are conditioned by dogmas, there will be strife and misery both within ourselves and in the world.
Then there is the whole question of patriotism. When do we feel patriotic? It is obviously not an everyday emotion. But we are sedulously encouraged to be patriotic through school-books, through newspapers and other channels of propaganda, which stimulate racial egotism by praising national heroes and telling us that our own country and way of life are better than others. This patriotic spirit feeds our vanity from childhood to old age.
The constantly repeated assertion that we belong to a certain political or religious group, that we are of this nation or of that, flatters our little egos, puffs them out like sails, until we are ready to kill or be killed for our country, race or ideology. It is all so stupid and unnatural. Surely, human beings are more important than national and ideological boundaries.
The separative spirit of nationalism is spreading like fire all over the world. Patriotism is cultivated and cleverly exploited by those who are seeking further expansion, wider powers, greater enrichment; and each one of us takes part in this process, for we also desire these things. Conquering other lands and other people provides new markets for goods as well as for political and religious ideologies.
One must look at all these expressions of violence and antagonism with an unprejudiced mind, that is, with a mind that does not identify itself with any country, race or ideology, but tries to find out what is true. There is great joy in seeing a thing clearly without being influenced by the notions and instructions of others, whether they be the government, the specialists or the very learned. Once we really see that patriotism is a hindrance to human happiness, we do not have to struggle against this false emotion in ourselves, it has gone from us forever.
Nationalism, the patriotic spirit, class and race consciousness, are all ways of the self, and therefore separative. After all, what is a nation but a group of individuals living together for economic and self-protective reasons ? Out of fear and acquisitive self defence arises the idea of `my country," with its boundaries and tariff walls, rendering brotherhood and the unity of man impossible.
The desire to gain and to hold, the longing to be identified with something greater than ourselves, creates the spirit of nationalism; and nationalism breeds war. In every country the government, encouraged by organized religion, is upholding nationalism and the separative spirit. Nationalism is a disease, and it can never bring about world unity. We can not attain health through disease, we must first free ourselves from the disease.
It is because we are nationalists, ready to defend our sovereign States, our beliefs and acquisitions, that we must be perpetually armed. Property and ideas have become more important to us than human life, so there is constant antagonism and violence between ourselves and others. By maintaining the sovereignty of our country, we are destroying our sons; by worshipping the State, which is but a projection of ourselves, we are sacrificing our children to our own gratification. Nationalism and sovereign governments are the causes and the instruments of war.
Our present social institutions cannot evolve into a world federation, for their very foundations are unsound. Parliaments and systems of education which uphold national sovereignty and emphasize the importance of the group will never bring war to an end. Every separate group of people, with its rulers and its ruled, is a source of war. As long as we do not fundamentally alter the present relationship between man and man, industry will inevitably lead to confusion and become an instrument of destruction and misery; as long as there is violence and tyranny, deceit and propaganda, the brotherhood of man cannot be realized.
Merely to educate people to be wonderful engineers, brilliant scientists, capable executives, able workmen, will never bring the oppressors and the oppressed together; and we can see that our present system of education, which sustains the many causes that breed enmity and hatred between human beings, has not prevented mass murder in the name of one's country or in the name of God.
Organized religions, with their temporal and spiritual authority, are equally incapable of bringing peace to man, for they also are the outcome of our ignorance and fear, of our make-believe and egotism.
Craving security here or in the hereafter, we create institutions and ideologies which guarantee that security; but the more we struggle for security, the less we shall have it. The desire to be secure only fosters division and increases antagonism. If we deeply feel and understand the truth of this, not merely verbally or intellectually, but with our whole being, then we shall begin to alter fundamentally our relationship with our fellow men in the immediate world about us; and only then is there a possibility of achieving unity and brotherhood.
Most of us are consumed by all sorts of fears, and are greatly concerned about our own security. We hope that, by some miracle, wars will come to an end, all the while accusing other national groups of being the instigators of war, as they in turn blame us for the disaster. Although war is so obviously detrimental to society, we prepare for war and develop in the young the military spirit.
But has military training any place in education? It all depends on what kind of human beings we want our children to be. If we want them to be efficient killers, then military training is necessary. If we want to discipline them and regiment their minds, if our purpose is to make them nationalistic and therefore irresponsible to society as a whole, then military training is a good way to do it. If we like death and destruction, military training is obviously important. It is the function of generals to plan and carry on war; and if our intention is to have constant battle between ourselves and our neighbours, then by all means let us have more generals.
If we are living only to have endless strife within ourselves and with others, if our desire is to perpetuate bloodshed and misery, then there must be more soldiers, more politicians, more enmity - which is what is actually happening. Modern civilization is based on violence, and is therefore courting death. As long as we worship force, violence will be our way of life. But if we want peace, if we want right relationship among men, whether Christian or Hindu, Russian or American, if we want our children to be integrated human beings, then military training is an absolute hindrance, it is the wrong way to set about it.
One of the chief causes of hatred and strife is the belief that a particular class or race is superior to another. The child is neither class nor race conscious; it is the home or school environment, or both, which makes him feel separative. In himself he does not care whether his playmate is a Negro or a Jew, a Brahmin or a non-Brahmin; but the influence of the whole social structure is continually impinging on his mind, affecting and shaping it.
Here again the problem is not with the child but with the adults, who have created a senseless environment of separatism and false values.
What real basis is there for differentiating between human beings? Our bodies may be different in structure and colour, our faces may be dissimilar, but inside the skin we are very much alike: proud, ambitious, envious, violent, sexual, power-seeking and so on. Remove the label and we are very naked; but we do not want to face our nakedness, and so we insist on the label - which indicates how immature, how really infantile we are.
To enable the child to grow up free from prejudice, one has first to break down all prejudice within oneself, and then in one's environment - which means breaking down the structure of this thoughtless society which we have created. At home we may tell the child how absurd it is to be conscious of one's class or race, and he will probably agree with us; but when he goes to school and plays with other children, he becomes contaminated by the separative spirit. Or it may be the other way around: the home may be traditional, narrow, and the school's influence may be broader. In either case there is a constant battle between the home and the school environments. and the child is caught between the two.
To raise a child sanely, to help him to be perceptive so that he sees through these stupid prejudices, we have to be in close relationship with him. We have to talk things over and let him listen to intelligent conversation; we have to encourage the spirit of inquiry and discontent which is already in him, thereby helping him to discover for himself what is true and what is false.
It is constant inquiry, true dissatisfaction, that brings creative intelligence; but to keep inquiry and discontent awake is extremely arduous, and most people do not want their children to have this kind of intelligence, for it is very uncomfortable to live with someone who is constantly questioning accepted values.
All of us are discontented when we are young, but unfortunately our discontent soon fades away, smothered by our imitative tendencies and our worship of authority. As we grow older, we begin to crystallize, to be satisfied and apprehensive. We become executives, priests, bank clerks, factory managers, technicians, and slow decay sets in. Because we desire to maintain our positions, we support the destructive society,which has placed us there and given us some measure of security.
Government control of education is a calamity. There is no hope of peace and order in the world as long as education is the handmaid of the state or of organized religion. Yet more and more governments are taking charge of the children and their future; and if it is not the government, then it is the religious organizations which seek to control education.
This conditioning of the child's mind to fit a particular ideology, whether political or religious, breeds enmity between man and man. In a competitive society we cannot have brotherhood, and no reform, no dictatorship, no educational method can bring it about.
As long as you remain a New Zealander and I a Hindu, it is absurd to talk about the unity of man. How can we get together as human beings if you in your country, and I in mine, retain our respective religious prejudices and eco- nomic ways? How can there be brotherhood as long as patriotism is separating man from man, and millions are restricted by depressed economic conditions while others are well off? How can there be human unity when beliefs divide us, when there is domination of one group by another, when the rich are powerful and the poor are seeking that same power, when there is maldistribution of land, when some are well fed and multitudes are starving?
One of our difficulties is that we are not really in earnest about these matters, because we do not want to be greatly disturbed. We prefer to alter things only in a manner advantageous to ourselves, and so we are not deeply concerned about our own emptiness and cruelty.
Can we ever attain peace through violence? Is peace to be achieved gradually, through a slow process of time? Surely, love is not a matter of training or of time. The last two wars were fought for democracy, I believe; and now we are preparing for a still greater and more destructive war, and people are less free. But what would happen if we were to put aside such obvious hindrances to understanding as authority, belief, nationalism and the whole hierarchical spirit? We would be people without authority, human beings in direct relationship with one another - and then, perhaps, there would be love and compassion.
What is essential in education, as in every other field, is to have people who are understanding and affectionate, whose hearts are not filled with empty phrases, with the things of the mind.
If life is meant to be lived happily, with thought, with ourselves; and if we wish to build a truly enlightened society, we must have educators who understand the ways of integration and who are therefore capable of imparting that understanding to the child.
Such educators would be a danger to the present structure of society. But we do not really want to build an enlightened society; and any teacher who, perceiving the full implications of peace, began to point out the true significance of nationalism and the stupidity of war, would soon lose his position. Knowing this, most teachers compromise, and thereby help to maintain the present system of exploitation and violence.
Surely, to discover truth, there must be freedom from strife, both within ourselves and with our neighbours. When we are not in conflict within ourselves, we are not in conflict outwardly. It is the inward strife which, projected outwardly, becomes the world conflict.
War is the spectacular and bloody projection of our everyday living. We precipitate war out of our daily lives; and without a transformation in ourselves, there are bound to be national and racial antagonisms, the childish quarrelling over ideologies, the multiplication of soldiers, the saluting of flags, and all the many brutalities that go to create organized murder.
Education throughout the world has failed, it has produced mounting destruction and misery. Governments are training the young to be the efficient soldiers and technicians they need; regimentation and prejudice are being cul- tivated and enforced. Taking these facts into consideration, we have to inquire into the meaning of existence and the significance and purpose of our lives. We have to discover the beneficent ways of creating a new environment; for environment can make the child a brute, an unfeeling specialist, or help him to become a sensitive, intelligent human being. We have to create a world government which is radically different, which is not based on nationalism, on ideologies, on force.
All this implies the understanding of our responsibility to one another in relationship; but to understand our responsibility, there must be love in our hearts, not mere learning or knowledge. The greater our love, the deeper will be its influence on society. But we are all brains and no heart; we cultivate the intellect and despise humility. If we really loved our children, we would want to save and protect them, we would not let them be sacrificed in wars.
I think we really want arms; we like the show of military power, the uniforms, the rituals, the drinks, the noise, the violence. Our everyday life is a reflection in miniature of this same brutal superficiality, and we are destroying one another through envy and thoughtlessness.
We want to be rich; and the richer we get, the more ruthless we become, even though we may contribute large sums to charity and education. Having robbed the victim, we return to him a little of the spoils, and this we call philanthropy. I do not think we realize what catastrophes we are preparing. Most of us live each day as rapidly and thoughtlessly as possible, and leave to the governments, to the cunning politicians, the direction of our lives.
All sovereign governments must prepare for war, and one's own government is no exception. To make its citizens efficient for war, to prepare them to perform their duties effectively, the government must obviously control and dominate them. They must be educated to act as machines, to be ruthlessly efficient. If the purpose and end of life is to destroy or be destroyed, then education must encourage ruthlessness; and I am not at all sure that that is not what we inwardly desire, for ruthlessness goes with the worship of success.
The sovereign State does not want its citizens to be free, to think for themselves, and it controls them through propaganda, through distorted historical interpretations and so on. That is why education is becoming more and more a means of teaching what to think and not how to think. If we were to think independently of the prevailing political system, we would be dangerous; free institutions might turn out pacifists or people who think contrary to the existing regime.
Right education is obviously a danger to sovereign governments - and so it is prevented by crude or subtle means. Education and food in the hands of the few have become the means of controlling man; and governments, whether of the left or of the right, are unconcerned as long as we are efficient machines for turning out merchandise and bullets.
Now, the fact that this is happening the world over means that we who are the citizens and educators, and who are responsible for the existing governments, do not fundamen- tally care whether there is freedom or slavery, peace or war, well-being or misery for man. We want a little reform here and there, but most of us are afraid to tear down the present society and build a completely new structure, for this would require a radical transformation of ourselves.
On the other hand, there are those who seek to bring about a violent revolution. Having helped to build the existing social order with all its conflicts, confusion and misery, they now desire to organize a perfect society. But can any of us organize a perfect society when it is we who have brought into being the present one? To believe that peace can be achieved through violence is to sacrifice the present for a future ideal; and this seeking of a right end through wrong means is one of the causes of the present disaster.
The expansion and predominance of sensate values necessarily creates the poison of nationalism, of economic frontiers, sovereign governments and the patriotic spirit, all of which excludes man's co-operation with man and corrupts human relationship, which is society. Society is the relationship between you and another; and without deeply understanding this relationship, not at any one level, but integrally, as a total process, we are bound to create again the same kind of social structure, however superficially modified.
If we are to change radically our present human relationship, which has brought untold misery to the world, our only and immediate task is to transform ourselves through self-knowledge. So we come back to the central point, which is oneself; but we dodge that point and shift the respon- sibility onto governments, religions and ideologies. The government is what we are, religions and ideologies are but a projection of ourselves; and until we change fundamentally there can be neither right education nor a peaceful world.
Outward security for all can come only when there is love and intelligence; and since we have created a world of conflict and misery in which outward security is rapidly becoming impossible for anyone, does it not indicate the utter futility of past and present education? As parents and teachers it is our direct responsibility to break away from traditional thinking, and not merely rely on the experts and their findings. Efficiency in technique has given us a certain capacity to earn money, and that is why most of us are satisfied with the present social structure; but the true educator is concerned only with right living, right education, and right means of livelihood.
The more irresponsible we are in these matters, the more the State takes over all responsibility. We are confronted, not with a political or economic crisis, but with a crisis of human deterioration which no political party or economic system can avert.
Another and still greater disaster is approaching dangerously close, and most of us are doing nothing whatever about it. We go on day after day exactly as before; we do not want to strip away all our false values and begin anew. We want to do patchwork reform, which only leads to problems of still further reform. But the building is crumbling, the walls are giving way, and fire is destroying it. We must leave the building and start on new ground, with different foundations, different values.
We cannot discard technical knowledge, but we can become inwardly aware of our ugliness, of our ruthlessness, of our deceptions and dishonesty, our utter lack of love. Only by intelligently freeing ourselves from the spirit of nationalism, from envy and the thirst for power, can a new social order be established.
Peace is not to be achieved by patchwork reform, nor by a mere rearrangement of old ideas and superstitions. There can be peace only when we understand what lies beyond the superficial, and thereby stop this wave of destruction which has been unleashed by our own aggressiveness and fears; and only then will there be hope for our children and salvation for the world. |
2009/01/11 5:31 正确的教育所关心的是个人的自由,唯有个人的自由,才能带来与整体、人群的真正合作。然而,这种自由并非借着追逐自己的扩展和成功而能获得。自由起于自我认识,也就是当心灵超越了因渴望自我安全而制造出来的种种障碍时。
教育的任务,在帮助每一个人发现这些心理上的障碍,而非仅将新的行为模式、新的思考形式,强加在他的身上。这种强迫的灌输永远无法唤醒智慧、创造性的了解,只是进一步把个人加以限制。显然,这种情形正发生于世界各地,这就是为何我们的问题层出不穷、延续不绝的原因。
唯有当我们了解了人生的深刻意义,这时才会有真正的教育。然而要了解人生,则心灵必须明智地将自己从滋生恐惧与附和顺从的要求报偿的欲望中解脱。如果我们把孩子视为私人的财产,如果将他们视为我们卑微自我的延续,或实现我们野心的工具,则我们建造的是一个没有爱却有追逐自我利益的环境和社会结构。
一所在名利上成功的学校,通常不是一所教育中心。一所广大的、兴盛的学府,将千百个儿童聚集在一起受教育,凭它的壮观和成绩可能制造出银行职员、超级销售员、企业家、各种委员,或一些在技术上胜任的肤浅人群;然而,有希望的只是完整的个人——而唯有小学校才有助于造就这种完整的个人。因此,只收容数目有限的男女同学,并且拥有正确教育者的学校,远比在大学校里从事最新颖的教育方法来得更重要。
然而不幸的是,我们的困难与混乱的原因之一,就是我们以为必须从事规模宏大的教育。大部分人都希望有壮观的校舍的大学校——虽然这种学校并非正确的教育中心,因为我们意欲改变或影响所谓的群众。
然而,谁是群众呢?你和我。让我们不要沉溺于这种想法:群众也必须受到正确的教育。这种对群众的考虑,是一种逃避即刻行动的方式。如果我们由眼前的事物着手,在我们与孩子、朋友、邻人的关系中觉察到我们自己,则正确的教育便会普及各处。我们在外界家庭与朋友的世界中的行动,将会产生影响和效果。
在我们的一切关系中,充分地觉察到我们自己后,便会开始发觉到至今仍茫然无知,却存在于我们自身中的混乱与束缚。对它们有所觉察后,我们才能了解它们,并加以解决。如果缺乏这项觉察以及自我认识,则任何教育方面或其他方面的改革只会导致更深的对立与不幸。
建造气派的学校,而聘请的老师只依据某项方法,对他与学生之间的关系不加警觉与观察,如此只会鼓励学生聚集知识、发展能力,依照某种模式作机械式思考的习惯。然而,这些都无法帮助学生成为一个完整的人。在警觉而深思的教育者手中,方法可能有其有限的用途,却无法造就智慧。不过,奇怪的是,像“方法”、“制度”这种字眼,却对我们十分重要。符号象征取代了真实的事物,而对此种情形我们毫不见怪,因为真实的事物使人不安,它的影子却使人舒适。
任何有基本价值的东西,都是无法借着集体教育来完成的,需要对每一个孩子的个别困难、脾气、能力加以仔细研究、了解。明白这一点的人,如果真心地想要了解孩子,想要帮助他们,便应该集合起来,创办一所学校。这所学校将在孩子的生活中产生重大的意义,因为它帮助孩子成为一个完整而有智慧的人。创办这样的学校,并不需等到拥有足够的资金,每个人都可在家庭中做一个真正的教师,而机会将会落到那些具有无限热忱的人身上。
爱自己的孩子以及四周所接触的孩子,而因此充满真诚的那些人,可以在他家附近或在他自己的家里成立这种正确的学校。然后,所需的金钱就会有了着落——这里最不需要考虑的一项。要维持一所实行正确教育的小学校,在经济上当然是有困难的,然而,它并不需要依赖庞大的银行存款。除非有爱与了解,否则金钱必然导致腐败与堕落。如果,这真是一所值得卖力的学校,则它所需的援助是可以获得解决的。只要对孩子有爱,任何事情都是办得到的。
一旦我们最关心的是学校,则孩子便不受重视了。正确的教育者关心的是个人,而非学生的数量;这样教育者会发觉,他可以开设一所某些父母所支持而意义重大的学校。然而,教师必须具有火一般的热忱,如果他毫不起劲,则它的学校也就和其他学校没有什么两样了。
如果父母真正爱他们的子女,他们会制定法律或使用其他方法以创建小型学校,任用正确的教育者。他们不会因为小学校的费用昂贵或正确教育者的难以寻觅,而踌躇不前。
不过,他们应该明白,与此有利害关系的各方面,政府和有组织的宗教都将不可避免地反对他们因为这种学校是革命性的。真正的革命,并非暴力的革命;真正的革命,在于培养完整而有智慧的人,这些人借着他们自己的生活,逐渐使社会产生根本的改变。
然而,最重要的是这种学校里的教师都必须是自动前来的,而非受到劝服或委托。因为,自发地从世俗的事物中解脱,才是教育的唯一正确基础。如果教师们希望互相帮助,并且帮助学生了解正确的价值,那么在他们每天的日常生活中,必须随时有敏锐的警觉。
一个生活在一所小学校里,很容易忘记学校之外还有一个世界,那儿的冲突、毁灭与不幸正与日俱增。那世界与我们并无隔离。相反,它是我们的一部分,因为我们造成了它现在这副样子。因此,如果我们要在社会结构中产生基本上的改变,正确的教育是第一步。
唯有正确的教育,才能为我们的问题和不幸,提供持久的解决方法,而非意识形态、领导人物或经济上的改革。要明白这项事实的真理,无需智力上或情绪上的说服或狡诈的论证。
如果在施行正确教育的学校中,其教职员的核心人物专心致力于教育,而且充满活力,他则会吸收其他有同样目标的人,而那些没有兴趣的人立刻会感到自己不适宜此项工作。如果核心人物肯定了此教育的意义,而且机敏细心,那些毫不关心的外围分子便会枯萎而至脱离;然而,如果核心人物并不关心,则整个团体将犹疑不定,萎靡不振。
核心人物不能只由校长一人组成。只系于一个人的热忱与兴趣,必定会日渐衰微而最终消失。此种兴趣是肤浅的、轻浮的,没有价值,因为它能被转向,而屈从于他人一时的兴致与幻想。如果校长控制一切,自由与合作的精神则显然是无法存在的。一个个性强烈的人可以建立一所第一流的学校,然而,恐惧和屈从便不知不觉地产生,结果是其他的教师成了随从附和的人。
这样的团体无法产生自由与了解。教师不能受校长的控制,而校长不能掌握一切责任。相反,每一个教师都应该对一切负责。如果有兴趣的只是几个人,其他人的漠视和对立将阻碍整个效果,造成互相矛盾的现象。
也许有人怀疑,没有一个中心权威,如何能经营一所学校?然而,没有人能够确知详情,因为这种学校从没有人试办过。显然,在一群真正的教育者中,权威的问题永远不会发生。当大家都为了自由和智慧而努力,相互间的合作则在各方面都是可行的。那些不曾深入而持久地致力于正确教育工作的人,也许觉得没有中心权威是一项不可行的理论,然而,当一个人全心致力于正确教育时,他并不需要被别人催逼、指挥或控制。有智慧的老师在使用它们的能力时是富于弹性的;他们努力于个人的自由,善于调节,施行对整个学校有益的事。真挚的兴趣是构成能力的起点,而兴趣与能力均因实行而获得增强。
如果一个人对于顺从的心理因素没有加以了解,那么仅仅决意于不顺从权威,则只会造成混乱。这种混乱并非由于缺乏权威,而是对正确的教育没有深入且共同的兴趣。如果有真正的兴趣,则每一个教师对于经营学校的种种需求,会时时加以明智的适应。在任何关系中,摩擦和误解是难免的。然而,如果没有共同的兴趣,缺少那份维系大家的友爱之情,那些误解和摩擦便会渲染夸大了。
施行正确教育的学校中,教师之间的合作是没有界限的。全体教师应该经常集会,讨论学校的各项问题。一旦大家同意了某项行动,在执行上便不会有困难。如果大多数人的决议未获某个教师同意,则可以在下次集会中加以讨论。
教师不应惧怕校长,校长也不应畏惧于年长的教师。唯有众人都感到绝对平等,那么衷心的赞同才有可能。重要的是,这种平等的感觉必须普遍存在于正确教育的学校中,因为,唯有优越感和劣等感不存在时,才能有真正的合作。如果有相互间的信任,则任何的困难和误解不会被搁置一旁而已,而是加以面对解决,因而恢复了相互间的信赖。
如果教师们不把教育视为自己真正的天职,并且对此感到兴趣,他们之间必会发生妒忌与对立,而枉费精力于细枝末节以及毫无益处的争吵上。相反,如果对于建造正确的教育具有火热的兴趣,则一时的激愤或表面上的不和,都会很快消除。于是渲染得过重的细节,便显出它原有的比例,人们会明白私人之间的摩擦与对立是无益的,具有毁灭性的。借着会谈与谈论,人们发现“什么”是对的,而非“谁”是对的。
为了共同的意图而工作的人们,应该随时把困难和误解讨论明白,这有助于澄清一个人思想上的混淆。如果兴趣一致,那么教师之间也会有坦诚和友爱,他们之间便不会产生对立。然而,如果缺乏了这种兴趣,虽然为了共同的利益在表面上大家合作,冲突与敌意还是永远存在的。
当然,教师之间的摩擦可能有其他的原因。甲教师可能因工作过度,乙教师可能因私人或家庭上的烦恼,另一些人可能对自己所做的事不太感兴趣。这些问题可以在教师集会中加以讨论解决,因为共同的兴趣助长了合作。如果少数人包办一切,而其他人无所事事,这样是做不出什么大事的。
平等地分配工作,可使每一个人都获有闲暇,而每个人都必须要有一段闲暇的时间。一个过度劳累的教师对他自己及他人都会成为一个问题。如果一个人过于紧张,他便易于倦怠,没有生气,而如果他做的事使他不感兴趣,则情形更严重。如果在体力上或智力上不停地工作,那么将难以消除疲劳。然而这项闲暇的问题,可以在大家都可能接受的友善方式下加以解决。
休闲的方式因人而异。有些人对他们的工作十分感兴趣,所以工作本身便成了休闲。由兴趣所产生的行动,譬如说研究,是一种松弛身心的方式。另一些人的休闲则可能是远离他人,孤独自处。
倘若教育者要有一些自己的时间,则他只能负责能力足以胜任的少数学生。如果教师因学生数目众多而难以应付,则教师与学生之间便不可能有直接而深入的关系。
另外还有一个原因,说明为何必须设立小学校。在一间教室里,学生的数目要有限度,这是非常重要的。因为只有如此,教育者才能充分注意到每一个学生。当学生过多,教师无法顾及每一个学生时,惩罚和奖赏就成了强制施行纪律的一种便利方式。
正确的教育,不能像制造机器似地大量生产。要研究每一个孩子,需要耐心、细心和智慧。要观察一个孩子的兴趣、能力、性情,了解他的困难,考虑到他所受的遗传和父母的影响,而非仅仅把孩子归于某种类别——这一切都需要机敏而富于弹性的心,不被任何的制度或偏见所拘束。这需要技巧和强烈的兴趣,最重要的是慈爱的心;而要培养教育者具备这些品质,是我们今日的一项课题。
个人自由与理智的精神,必须一直弥漫于整个学校里。这是无法靠运气而产生的,在偶然的机会里才提出“自由”或“理智”的字眼,没有多大意义。
尤其重要的是,学生与教师必须定时集会,以讨论有关整个团体幸福的各项事物。一种学生会议必须建立起来,其中有教师出席,这项会议可以解决纪律、卫生、餐饮等等一切问题,而且,对于任性、漫不经心或固执的学生可以给予开导。
学生要由他们自己推选出一些同学,负责执行决策,并且帮忙各项的管理。毕竟,在学校中的自治,是为将来生活上的自治做准备。如果孩子在学校学会慎重地、无私地、理智地讨论日常生活上的问题,等他长大后,便能冷静而有效地面临生活上更大且更复杂的考验。学校方面应该鼓励学生相互了解每个人的困难、特性、心情和脾气。如此,当他长大以后,在与别人的关系中,他们将会更体谅他人,更具有耐心。
在孩子所学习的种种课程中,也同样地要重视这种自由与理智的精神。如果学生要成为有创造力的人,而非只是一个机器人,那么,不可鼓励他盲从于公式或结论。即使学习科学的课程时,教师也应该对学生说明道理,帮助学生明了整个问题,使学生运用他们自己的判断力。
然而关于“指导”的问题呢?是否任何指导都不该施与呢?这问题的答案在于“指导”究竟是什么意思。如果教师的心中以消除了一切的恐惧和支配欲,那么他便能帮助学生有创造性的了解和自由。然而,如果教师心中有意或无意地想将学生引向某一个特定的目标,则显然他阻碍了学生的发展。指导一个人走向某一个特定的目标——不论这个目标是自己制定的或由他人强迫灌输的——即损害了他的创造力。
如果教育者关怀的是个人的自由,而非他自己的成见,则他会鼓舞孩子去了解他本身的环境、性情、宗教和家庭的背景,以及这一切可能加诸他身上的种种影响和结果,借此使孩子发现了自由。如果教师的心中有爱和自由,那么他便会注意每一个学生的需要和困难而去帮助他;学生便不会成为只按照方法和公式操作的机器人,而是永远警觉、留意、自动自发的人。
正确的教育也应该帮助学生发现他最感兴趣的事物。如果学生没有找出他真正的天职,他会觉得虚度了一生。他在做着不乐意的事情时,会有受挫的心情。如果他想成为艺术家,却做了公司的职员,他将牢骚满腹,抑郁寡欢地度过一生。因此,每个人都必须寻找出他所愿意从事的行业,并且看看它是否值得。一个男孩子可能想成为一个军人,然而在他走上这条路之前,应该帮助他明白:军人对于整个人类是否有益。
正确的教育应该帮助学生不仅去发展他的能力,还要了解他自己的最主要兴趣。处在一个被战争、毁灭和不幸所摧残的世界中,一个人必须有能力建立一个新的社会秩序,造就一种不同的生活方式。
建立一个和平、开明的社会,其责任主要系于教育者身上,而且为了达到这种社会的转变,平心而论,教育者可以效力之处是非常大的。正确的教育,并不依赖政府的规定或某种特殊制度的方法;它取决于我们的手中——父母和教师的手中。
如果父母真正关怀他们的孩子,他们便会建造一个新的社会。然而大部分的父母根本就不关心孩子,因此他们也就没有时间去顾及这件最迫切的问题。他们有时间用在赚钱、娱乐、仪式、崇拜之上,却无暇去考虑什么才是孩子所需要的正确教育。这项事实,大多数人都不愿意去面对它。对这项事实,可能意味着必须放弃他们的娱乐与消遣,而他们当然不愿意这么做。因此,他们把孩子送到学校去,那儿的教师也不比他们更关心孩子。为什么他要关心?对他来说,教育只是一项职业,一种赚钱的方法而已。
我们所建造的这个世界,如果洞视它的内幕,你会发现它是如此肤浅、虚伪、丑陋;然而我们却在布幕上装饰着,希望事情会突然好转。不幸的是,大部分人也许除了赚钱、夺取权力或追求性的刺激外,对生活没有多大的追求。他们不愿意面对生活上的其他复杂问题,因此,孩子长大后,也就和他们的父母一样不是一个成熟完整的人,不断地在自己内心以及外在的世界中产生冲突。
我们毫不踌躇地说:我们爱孩子。然而,当我们接受了目前的社会环境,当我们不想在这个使人毁灭的社会中促成根本的改变,这时,我们的心中还有爱存在吗?而只要我们期望专家来教育我们的孩子,这种混乱和不幸将持续不停,因为专家所关心的只是部分,而非整体,因此他们自己也是不完整的。
教育在今日受到了轻视,而非一项最荣耀且责任至大的工作,大部分的教育者也将它视为例行公事。他们只是传授知识,并不真正关心人的完整与智慧;而一个只传授知识,却任由世界在其四周崩溃的人,并不是个教育者。
教育者并不只是一个传授知识的人。他是一个指向智慧、指向真理的人。真理远比教师重要。真理的寻求便是宗教。而真理不属于任何国家。不属于任何教条,在任何的庙宇、教堂、寺院中都无法寻到它。如果缺乏对真理的寻求,则社会很快便腐化了。要创造一个新的社会,我们每一个人都必须是一个真正的教师。也就是说,我们身兼学生和老师,我们必须教育我们自己。
如果要建造一个新的社会秩序,则那些只为谋生而从事教育的人显然是不能当教师的。将教育视为一种谋生的工具,是为了自己的利益而剥削孩子。在一个开明的社会里,教师不必关心他自身的利益,他的生活所需均由当地社会供给。
真正的教师,并不是一个建立庞大教育机构的人,也不是政客的工具,他不被某种理想、某种信仰或某个国家所束缚。真正的教师是一个内心充实的人,因此他自己毫无所求。他没有野心,不追求任何形式的权力,他不利用教育作为获取地位、权威的手段,因此,他能免于社会的压制以及政府的操纵。这样的教师在一个开化的文明中,占着首要的地位,因为真正的文化并非建基于工程师或专家,而是教育者的身上。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 5 'THE SCHOOL'
THE right kind of education is concerned with individual freedom, which alone can bring true cooperation with the whole, with the many; but this freedom is not achieved through the pursuit of one's own aggrandizement and success. Freedom comes with self-knowledge, when the mind goes above and beyond the hindrances it has created for itself through craving its own security.
It is the function of education to help each individual to discover all these psychological hindrances, and not merely impose upon him new patterns of conduct, new modes of thought. Such impositions will never awaken intelligence, creative understanding, but will only further condition the individual. Surely, this is what is happening throughout the world, and that is why our problems continue and multiply.
It is only when we begin to understand the deep significance of human life that there can be true education; but to understand, the mind must intelligently free itself from the desire for reward which breeds fear and conformity. If we regard our children as personal property, if to us they are the continuance of our petty selves and the fulfilment of our ambitions, then we shall build an environment, a social structure in which there is no love, but only the pursuit of self-centred advantages.
A school which is successful in the worldly sense is more often than not a failure as an educational centre. A large and flourishing institution in which hundreds of children are educated together, with all its accompanying show and success, can turn out bank clerks and super-salesmen, industrialists or commissars, superficial people who are technically efficient; but there is hope only in the integrated individual, which only small schools can help to bring about. That is why it is far more important to have schools with a limited number of boys and girls and the right kind of educators, than to practise the latest and best methods in large institutions.
Unfortunately, one of our confusing difficulties is that we think we must operate on a huge scale. Most of us want large schools with imposing buildings, even though they are obviously not the right kind of educational centres, because we want to transform or affect what we call the masses.
But who are the masses? You and I. Let us not get lost in the thought that the masses must also be rightly educated. The consideration of the mass is a form of escape from immediate action. Right education will become universal if we begin with the immediate, if we are aware of ourselves in our relationship with our children, with our friends and neighbours. Our own action in the world we live in, in the world of our family and friends, will have expanding influence and effect.
By being fully aware of ourselves in all our relationships we shall begin to discover those confusions and limitations within us of which we are now ignorant; and in being aware of them, we shall understand and so dissolve them. Without this awareness and the self-knowledge which it brings, any reform in education or in other fields will only lead to further antagonism and misery.
In building enormous institutions and employing teachers who depend on a system instead of being alert and observant in their relationship with the individual student, we merely encourage the accumulation of facts, the development of capacity, and the habit of thinking mechanically, according to a pattern; but certainly none of this helps the student to grow into an integrated human being. Systems may have a limited use in the hands of alert and thoughtful educators, but they do not make for intelligence. Yet it is strange that words like "system," "institution," have become very important to us. Symbols have taken the place of reality, and we are content that it should be so; for reality is disturbing, while shadows give comfort.
Nothing of fundamental value can be accomplished through mass instruction, but only through the careful study and understanding of the difficulties, tendencies and capacities of each child; and those who are aware of this, and who earnestly desire to understand themselves and help the young, should come together and start a school that will have vital significance in the child's life by helping him to be integrated and intelligent. To start such a school, they need not wait until they have the necessary means. One can be a true teacher at home, and opportunities will come to the earnest.
Those who love their own children and the children about them, and who are therefore in earnest, will see to it that a right school is started somewhere around the corner, or in their own home.Then the money will come - it is the least important consideration. To maintain a small school of the right kind is of course financially difficult; it can flourish only on self-sacrifice, not on a fat bank account. Money invariably corrupts unless there is love and understanding. But if it is really a worthwhile school, the necessary help will be found. When there is love of the child, all things are possible.
As long as the institution is the most important consideration, the child is not. The right kind of educator is concerned with the individual, and not with the number of pupils he has; and such an educator will discover that he can have a vital and significant school which some parents will support. But the teacher must have the flame of interest; if he is lukewarm, he will have an institution like any other.
If parents really love their children, they will employ legislation and other means to establish small schools staffed with the right kind of educators; and they will not be deterred by the fact that small schools are expensive and the right kind of educators difficult to find. They should realize, however, that there will inevitably be opposition from vested interests, from governments and organized religions, because such schools are bound to be deeply revolutionary. True revolution is not the violent sort; it comes about through cultivating the integration and intelligence of human beings who, by their very life, will gradually create radical changes in society.
But it is of the utmost importance that all the teachers in a school of this kind should come together voluntarily, without being persuaded or chosen; for voluntary freedom from worldliness is the only right foundation for a true educational centre. If the teachers are to help one another and the students to understand right values, there must be constant and alert awareness in their daily relationship.
In the seclusion of a small school one is apt to forget that there is an outside world, with its everincreasing conflict, destruction and misery. That world is not separate from us. On the contrary, it is part of us, for we have made it what it is; and that is why, if there is to be a fundamental alteration in the structure of society, right education is the first step.
Only right education, and not ideologies, leaders and economic revolutions, can provide a lasting solution for our problems and miseries; and to see the truth of this fact is not a matter of intellectual or emotional persuasion, nor of cunning argument.
If the nucleus of the staff in a school of the right kind is dedicated and vital, it will gather to itself others of the same purpose, and those who are not interested will soon find themselves out of place. If the centre is purposive; and alert, the indifferent periphery will wither and drop away; but if the centre is indifferent, then the whole group will be uncertain and weak.
The centre cannot be made up of the headmaster alone. Enthusiasm or interest that depends on one person is sure to wane and die. Such interest is superficial, flighty and worthless, for it can be diverted and made subservient to the whims and fancies of another. If the headmaster is dominating, then the spirit of freedom and co-operation obviously cannot exist. A strong character may build a first-rate school, but fear and subservience creep in, and then it generally happens that the rest of the staff is composed of nonentities.
Such a group is not conducive to individual freedom and understanding. The staff should not be under the domination of the headmaster, and the headmaster should not assume all the responsibility; on the contrary, each teacher should feel responsible for the whole. If there are only a few who are interested, then the indifference or opposition of the rest will impede or stultify the general effort.
One may doubt that a school can be run without a central authority; but one really does not know, because it has never been tried. Surely, in a group of true educators, this problem of authority will never arise. When all are endeavouring to be free and intelligent, cooperation with one another is possible at all levels. To those who have not given themselves over deeply and lastingly to the task of right education, the lack of a central authority may appear to be an impractical theory; but if one is completely dedicated to right education, then one does not require to be urged, directed or controlled. Intelligent teachers are pliable in the exercise of their capacities; attempting to be individually free, they abide by the regulations and do what is necessary for the benefit of the whole school. Serious interest is the beginning of capacity, and both are strengthened by application.
If one does not understand the psychological implications of obedience, merely to decide not to follow authority will only lead to confusion. Such confusion is not due to the absence of authority, but to the lack of deep and mutual interest in right education. If there is real interest, there is constant and thoughtful adjustment on the part of every teacher to the demands and necessities of running a school. In any relationship, frictions and misunderstandings are inevitable; but they become exaggerated when there is not the binding affection of common interest.
There must be unstinted co-operation among all the teachers in a school of the right kind. The whole staff should meet often, to talk over the various problems of the school; and when they have agreed upon a certain course of action, there should obviously be no difficulty in carrying out what has been decided. If some decision taken by the majority does not meet with the approval of a particular teacher, it can be discussed again at the next meeting of the faculty.
No teacher should be afraid of the headmaster, nor should the headmaster feel intimidated by the older teachers. Happy agreement is possible only when there is a feeling of absolute equality among all. It is essential that this feeling of equality prevail in the right kind of school, for there can be real co-operation only when the sense of superiority and its opposite are non-existent. If there is mutual trust, any difficulty or misunderstanding will not just be brushed aside, but will be faced, and confidence restored.
If the teachers are not sure of their own vocation and interest, there is bound to be envy and antagonism among them, and they will expend whatever energies they have over trifling details and wasteful bickerings; whereas, irritations and superficial disagreements will quickly be passed over if there is a burning interest in bringing about the right kind of education. Then the details which loom so large assume their normal proportions, friction and personal antagonisms are seen to be vain and destructive, and all talks and discussions help one to find out what is right and not who is right.
Difficulties and misunderstandings should always be talked over by those who are working together with a common intention, for it helps to clarify any confusion that may exist in one's own thinking. When there is purposive interest, there is also frankness and comradeship among the teachers, and antagonism can never arise between them; but if that interest is lacking, though superficially they may co-operate for their mutual advantage, there will always be conflict and enmity.
There may be, of course, other factors that are causing friction among the members of the staff. One teacher may be overworked, another may have personal or family worries, and perhaps still others do not feel deeply interested in what they are doing. Surely, all these problems can be thrashed out at the teachers' meeting, for mutual interest makes for cooperation. It is obvious that nothing vital can be created if a few do everything and the rest sit back.
Equal distribution of work gives leisure to all, and each one must obviously have a certain amount of leisure. An overworked teacher becomes a problem to himself and to others. If one is under too great a strain, one is apt to become lethargic, indolent, and especially so if one is doing something which is not to one's liking. Recuperation is not possible if there is constant activity, physical or mental; but this question of leisure can be settled in a friendly manner acceptable to all.
What constitutes leisure differs with each individual. To some who are greatly interested in their work, that work itself is leisure; the very action of interest, such as study, is a form of relaxation. To others, leisure may be a withdrawal into seclusion.
If the educator is to have a certain amount of time to himself, he must be responsible only for the number of students that he can easily cope with. A direct and vital relationship between teacher and student is almost impossible when the teacher is weighed down by large and unmanageable numbers.
This is still another reason why schools should be kept small. It is obviously important to have a very limited number of students in a class, so that the educator can give his full attention to each one. When the group is too large he cannot do this, and then punishment and reward become a convenient way of enforcing discipline.
The right kind of education is not possible en masse. To study each child requires patience, alertness and intelligence. To observe the child's tendencies, his aptitudes, his temperament, to understand his difficulties, to take into account his heredity and parental influence and not merely regard him as belonging to a certain category - all this calls for a swift and pliable mind, untrammelled by any system or prejudice. It calls for skill, intense interest and, above all, a sense of affection; and to produce educators endowed with these qualities is one of our major problems today.
The spirit of individual freedom and intelligence should pervade the whole school at all times. This can hardly be left to chance, and the casual mention at odd moments of the words"freedom" and "intelligence" has very little significance.
It is particularly important that students and teachers meet regularly to discuss all matters relating to the well-being of the whole group. A student council should be formed, on which the teachers are represented, which can thrash out all the problems of discipline, cleanliness, food and so on, and which can also help to guide any students who may be somewhat self-indulgent, indifferent or obstinate.
The students should choose from among themselves those who are to be responsible for the carrying out of decisions and for helping with the general supervision. After all, self-government in the school is a preparation for self-govern- ment in later life. If, while he is at school, the child learns to be considerate, impersonal and intelligent in any discussion pertaining to his daily problems, when he is older he will be able to meet effectively and dispassionately the greater and more complex trials of life. The school should encourage the children to understand one another's difficulties and peculiarities, moods and tempers; for then, as they grow up, they will be more thoughtful and patient in their relationship with others.
This same spirit of freedom and intelligence should be evident also in the child's studies. If he is to be creative and not merely an automaton, the student should not be encouraged to accept formulas and conclusions. Even in the study of a science, one should reason with him, helping him to see the problem in its entirety and to use his own judgment.
But what about guidance? Should there be no guidance whatsoever? The answer to this question depends on what is meant by `guidance.' If in their hearts the teachers have put away all fear and all desire for domination, then they can help the student towards creative understanding and freedom; but if there is a conscious or unconscious desire to guide him towards a particular goal, then obviously they are hindering his development. Guidance towards a particular objective, whether created by oneself or imposed by another, impairs creativeness.
If the educator is concerned with the freedom of the individual, and not with his own preconceptions, he will help the child to discover that freedom by encouraging him to understand his own environment, his own temperament, his religious and family background, with all the influences and effects they can possibly have on him. If there is love and freedom in the hearts of the teachers themselves, they will approach each student mindful of his needs and difficulties; and then they will not be mere automatons, operating according to methods and formulas, but spontaneous human beings, ever alert and watchful.
The right kind of education should also help the student to discover what he is most interested in. If he does not find his true vocation, all his life will seem wasted; he will feel frustrated doing something which he does not want to do. If he wants to be an artist and instead becomes a clerk in some office, he will spend his life grumbling and pining away. So it is important for each one to find out what he wants to do, and then to see if it is worth doing. A boy may want to be a soldier; but before he takes up soldiering, he should be helped to discover whether the military vocation is beneficial to the whole of mankind.
Right education should help the student, not only to develop his capacities, but to understand his own highest interest. In a world torn by wars, destruction and misery, one must be able to build a new social order and bring about a different way of living.
The responsibility for building a peaceful and enlightened society rests chiefly with the educator, and it is obvious, without becoming emotionally stirred up about it, that he has a very great opportunity to help in achieving that social transformation. The right kind of education does not depend on the regulations of any government or the methods of any particular system; it lies in our own hands, in the hands of the parents and the teachers.
If parents really cared for their children, they would build a new society; but fundamentally most parents do not care, and so they have no time for this most urgent problem. They have time for making money, for amusements, for rituals and worship, but no time to consider what is the right kind of education for their children. This is a fact that the majority of people do not want to face. To face it might mean that they would have to give up their amusements and distractions, and certainly they are not willing to do that. So they send their children off to schools where the teacher cares no more for them than they do. Why should he care? Teaching is merely a job to him, a way of earning money.
The world we have created is so superficial, so artificial, so ugly if one looks behind the curtain; and we decorate the curtain, hoping that everything will somehow come right. Most people are unfortunately not very earnest about life except, perhaps, when it comes to making money, gaining power, or pursuing sexual excitement. They do not want to face the other complexities of life, and that is why, when their children grow up, they are as immature and unintegrated as their parents, constantly battling with themselves and with the world.
We say so easily that we love our children; but is there love in our hearts when we accept the existing social conditions, when we do not want to bring about a fundamental transformation in this destructive society? And as long as we look to the specialists to educate our children, this confusion and misery will continue; for the specialists, being concerned with the part and not with the whole, are themselves unintegrated.
Instead of being the most honoured and responsible occupation, education is now considered slightingly, and most educators are fixed in a routine. They are not really concerned with integration and intelligence, but with the imparting of information; and a man who merely imparts information with the world crashing about him is not an educator.
An educator is not merely a giver of information; he is one who points the way to wisdom, to truth. Truth is far more important than the teacher. The search for truth is religion, and truth is of no country, of no creed, it is not to be found in any temple, church or mosque. Without the search for truth, society soon decays. To create a new society, each one of us has to be a true teacher, which means that we have to be both the pupil and the master; we have to educate ourselves.
If a new social order is to be established, those who teach merely to earn a salary can obviously have no place as teachers. To regard education as a means of livelihood is to exploit the children for one's own advantage. In an enlightened society, teachers will have no concern for their own welfare, and the community will provide for their needs.
The true teacher is not he who has built up an impressive educational organization, nor he who is an instrument of the politicians, nor he who is bound to an ideal, a belief or a country. The true teacher is inwardly rich and therefore asks nothing for himself; he is not ambitious and seeks no power in any form; he does not use teaching as a means of acquiring position or authority, and therefore he is free from the compulsion of society and the control of governments. Such teachers have the primary place in an enlightened civilization, for true culture is founded, not on the engineers and technicians, but on the educators.
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2009/01/08 10:44 正确的教育始自教育者,他必须了解他自己,并且从定性的思想模式中解脱出来。因为它本身是什么,他传授的便是什么。如果他没有受到正确的教育,那么除了他所接受的同样机械化的知识之外,还能教什么呢?因此,问题不在孩子,而是在父母和教师;问题在于对教育者加以教育。
如果我们教育者并不了解自己,不了解我们与孩子之间的关系,而只是以知识填塞与孩子心中,使他通过种种考试,那我们又怎么能够建立起一个新的教育呢?学生在那儿等着受人指导、帮忙;然而如果指导者、帮忙者内心混乱、狭窄、充满了理论学说,是个国家主义者,那么,他的学生自然就和他一模一样了,教育便成了延续混乱和斗争的方式了。
如果我们看出这项真理,就会明白,正确地教育我们自己,非常重要。关切我们自己的再教育,远比为了孩子的未来幸福和安全要来得更迫切。
对教育者加以教育——就是使他了解自己——是一件十分困难的事。因为大部分人已经在某种教育思想体系或某种行动模式中僵化了,我们已将自己纳入某种意识形态、某种宗教,或某种特殊的行为标准中。因此,我们教给孩子的,是想“什么”,而不是“如何”想。
而且,父母和教师多半被自己的内心冲突和哀伤所苦。不论贫穷或富有,大多数的父母都全神专注于他们自己的烦恼和困难中。他们并不严肃地关切目前的社会与道德的堕落,而只期望自己的孩子有所专长,能出人头地。他们为孩子的将来而焦急,渴望孩子因教育而获得安稳的职位,或是幸福的婚姻。
一般人都以为父母爱他的孩子,但是事实并非如此。大部分的父母都不爱他们的孩子,虽然他们嘴上不会这么说。如果父母真爱他们的孩子,那么家庭和国家便不会受到人们的强调渲染而和整体的人类相对立。这种强调与渲染所引起的对立,在人与人之间造成社会上以及种族上的区分,以致带来了战争和饥馑。今日,人们只有受到严格的训练才能成为律师或医生,然而奇怪的是,他们却能够身为父母而不必接受任何教育,以为无需教育就能胜任此项至为重要的工作。
通常,由于有各自分离的倾向,家庭便助长了孤立的过程,因此成了社会中一项败坏的因素。唯有当爱与了解存在,孤立的围墙才会倒塌。那时,家庭便不再是一所封闭之处,它既不是一座监狱,也不是一座避难所。于是,父母不仅能与他们的子女沟通,且能与邻人互相默契。
许多父母由于全神贯注于他们自己的问题中,于是把孩子的幸福的责任推给教师。这时,重要的是,教育者对父母的再教育,也同样要助以一臂之力。
他必须和父母商谈,向他们解释,世界的混淆情形是他们自己个人混乱的反映。他必须指出:科学的进步本身无法造成既有价值的根本改变;而今日被称为教育的技术训练并非使人们自由,或使人更快乐;将学生加以限制,使他接受目前的环境,绝对无助于智慧的成长。他必须告诉父母,他尝试为孩子做些什么,而且将如何着手。他必须唤起父母的信赖,但不是凭着一种专家对待外行的权威姿态,而是和他们一起谈论孩子的脾气、困难、性向等等的问题。
如果老师把孩子当做一个个人而对他发生真正的兴趣,则父母将会信赖教师。在这种过程中,教师教育了父母,而且因为他从父母那儿同样学习了一些事物,所以他也教育了自己。正确的教育,是一项需要双方的耐心、尊重与慈爱的工作。明智的教师在一个明智的地区能够解决如何培育孩子的问题,热心的教师和关怀孩子的父母可以以此方式施行小型的试验。
父母是否曾经自问,为何要生孩子?他们要孩子,是为了延续他们的姓氏,接管他们的财产吗?他们要孩子,只是为了自己的高兴,为了满足自己情感上的需要吗?如果是这样的话,则孩子变成了父母的欲望和恐惧的投影而已。
如果父母因为误谬的教育而助长了妒嫉、仇恨和野心,他们能声称爱他们的孩子吗?激起国家或种族间的对立,而导致战争、毁灭与不幸,这是爱吗?以宗教或意识形态之名而制造人与人之间的冲突,这是爱吗?
许多父母由于让孩子接受了错误的教育,并且由于他们自己的生活方式,促使孩子走向冲突和悲哀之途。于是,当孩子长大而受苦时,他们便为他祈祷,或为孩子的行为找了种种的接口。父母因子女而感到痛苦,是一种占有的自怜形式,这种占有而产生的自怜形式之所以存在,是因为没有爱的缘故。
如果父母爱他们的子女,他们不会是国家主义者,他们不会把自己和任何国家视为一体,因为对国家的崇拜造成战争,而战争使他们的子女丧生或残废;如果父母爱他们的子女,他们会发现如何和财物保持正确的关系,因为占有的本能使财物附上了一种巨大而虚假的意义,足以毁灭世界;如果父母爱他们的子女,他们将不会隶属于任何有组织的宗教,因为教条和信仰将人类分成互相冲突的集团,在人与人之间造成对立;如果父母爱他们的子女,他们将铲除嫉妒与斗争,根本改变今日的社会结构。
只要我们期望于孩子的是权势、有更高更好的社会地位、布上成功之梯,我们心中便没有爱,因为对成功的崇拜,助长了冲突与不幸。爱孩子,是和他们有内心的沟通,使他们受到正确的教育,以帮助他们成为一个敏感、有智慧、完整的人。
当一个人决定从事教育时,他应该自问的第一件事是:何谓教育。它是按照普通的方式去传授一般的学科知识吗?他想将孩子加以限制,使他在这社会的大机器中成为一个齿轮,或是帮助孩子成为一个富有创造力的完整的人,使他成为虚伪价值的一项威胁?如果教育者是要帮助学生,使他对环绕于其四周的价值和影响——他是由这些所组成——加以探究,加以了解,那么教育者自己不是先要对这些价值和影响有所觉察吗?如果一个人瞎了眼,他能帮助人通达彼岸吗?
显然,教师自己必先着手观察。他必须随时警觉,密切注意自己的思维和情感,自己所受的限制方式,自己的种种活动和反应。因为由这种警觉的观察,才能产生智慧,他和别人以及其他事物的关系,才会有根本的转变。
智慧和通过考试是两回事。智慧是即兴自发的知觉(Sponataneous Peroeption),它使一个人坚强、自由。想在孩子身上唤醒智慧,我们必须先了解何谓智慧,因为如果我们在种种方面仍然缺乏智慧的话,怎么能够要求孩子具备智慧呢?问题不仅在于学生有困难,我们自己也是一样。一些日积月累的恐惧、悲哀、挫折,我们均未曾从其中解脱。为了帮助孩子有智慧,我们必须破除自身中使我们麻木、迟钝、轻率的种种障碍。
如果我们自己追逐个人的安全,我们又如何能教导孩子不这么做?如果我们身为父母、教师,对生活都毫不敏感,如果我们在自己四周竖起围墙以保护自己,那么孩子还有什么希望呢?这种在世界上造成混乱的挣扎,要发现其中的真正意义,我们必须先觉察自己的心理过程而唤醒我们的智慧,我们必须着手探究一切将我们封闭于其中的价值观。
我们不应该继续再不加考虑地附和我们偶然出生于其中的生活模式。如果我们不了解自己,那么在我们自身,也就是在社会中,如何能有和谐呢?除非教育者了解自己,除非他看出自己受到限制了的反应,开始使自己从既存的价值中解脱,否则他如何能唤醒孩子的智慧呢?而如果他不能唤醒孩子的智慧,则教育者的任务是什么呢?
唯有了解我们自己思想和情感的反应方式,我们才能真正帮助孩子成为一个自由的人。如果教育者对这件事十分关切,则不仅对于孩子,而且对于他自身,他都将加以敏锐地觉察。
很少人观察自己的思维和情感。如果它们十分丑陋,我们并不充分了解它们其中的含义,只是设法抑制它们或将它们弃之不顾。我们对自己并没有深入地觉察;我们的思维和情感是机械化的,一成不变的。我们学得几样事物,聚集一些知识,然后设法将它传递给孩子。
然而,如果我们对教育真正感兴趣,那么我们将不仅会设法找出世界各地在教育上所做的种种实验,而且对自己面对这整个问题的态度也会十分清楚明白。我们会自问:为何我们要教育孩子和自己,这一切有何目的?我们会探究生活的意义,个人与社会的关系等问题。显然,教育者必须有感于这些问题,设法帮助孩子去发现有关这个问题的真理,而不要将自己个人的习性和思想习惯加诸在孩子身上。
遵循一种制度——不论是政治上或教育上的制度——都无法解决我们种种的社会问题。了解我们面对问题的态度,远比了解问题本身来得重要。
如果要使孩子从恐惧之中——不论是对父母、对环境,或对上帝的恐惧——解脱出来,则教育者本身必须没有恐惧。然而要找到一些本身不被某种恐惧所苦的老师,是很困难的一件事。恐惧使思想萎缩而限制了自发创造的行为,一个心怀恐惧的教师,显然无法毫无畏惧地把生活的深刻意义传授给他人。恐惧和善良一样是具有传染性的。如果教育者自己内心有恐惧,他将把这种恐惧传染给他的学生,即使这种传染一时看不出来。
譬如说,假设有一个教师,他恐惧于舆论的批评。虽然他明白这项恐惧是荒谬无稽的,然而他无法克服它。他要怎么办?至少他能对自己承认这项事实,并且借着说出他自己的心理反应,公开地和学生讨论,而使他们了解恐惧。这种诚实而真挚的态度将大大鼓励学生,使他们对自己、对教师也同样地坦白率直。
要使孩子自由,教育者自己必须充分了解自由的意义,以及它所含的错综复杂的问题。任何形式的榜样或强制都无助于自由的诞生,唯有在自由中,自我发现和明辨之力才能存在。
孩子被他周围的人们和事物所影响,以及这些影响的真正价值。正确的价值,并非经由社会的权威或传统的权威而得以发现,只有经过个人的思考,才能获得启示。
如果我们深深地了解这一点,我们自始便会鼓励学生唤醒此种洞察今日个人和社会价值的能力。我们将会鼓励他找出一切事物的真正价值,而非某一组特定的价值。我们会帮助他无所恐惧,也就是免于教师、家庭或社会的一切控制而享有自由。因而,作为一个人,他可以在爱与善良中成长。教育者如此帮助学生朝向自由时,他也在改变自己的价值,他也开始摆脱了“我”以及“属于我”的束缚,他也在爱和善良中成长。这种相互教育的过程,创造了一种完全不同的师生关系。
任何形式的控制和强制,是自由与智慧的直接障碍。正确的教育在社会中没有权威、没有势力,它超越了社会的制裁。如果我们要帮助学生从他自己以及环境所制造出来的障碍中解脱,那么对于任何形式的控制都必须加以了解而舍弃。然而要做到这点,教育者自己也要从一切束缚人的权威中解脱。
追随他人,不论这人是如何的伟大,都妨碍了对自我存在方式的发现。追随某个现成的乌托邦诺言,会使心灵无视于它自己渴求安全、权威、他人帮助的那种封闭式的行动。神父、政客、律师、军人都准备“帮助”我们,然而,他们的帮助却损毁了智慧和自由。我们所需要的帮助来自我们自己,我们无需乞求帮助。因为,当我们谦虚地献身于工作中,当我们面对每日的困难和时间而去了解它们,则帮助就会不求自来。
我们必须避免有意识地或无意识地渴望他人的支持与鼓励,因为这种渴望能制造它本身的反应,而反应永远是使人幸福满足的。有别人来鼓励我们,指引我们,抚慰我们,是使人安慰的;然而,这种把别人当做向导,当作权威而趋向他的习惯,会立刻成为我们的一种毒素。一旦我们依赖他人的指引,我们便会忘却了原来的意图——唤醒个人的自由和智慧。
任何权威都是一种阻碍,因此教育者应该特别注意,不能成为学生的权威。树立权威,是一种意识上的或无意识中的过程。
学生是疑心未定,正在摸索探求;然而教师却握有确实的知识,富于经验。教师的这种力量和无疑的态度,使得学生安心而有沉浸于此气氛之下的趋向;然而这种安心既非恒久,也非真实。一个有意或无意地鼓励学生依赖的教师,对学生永远不会有多大的助益。他可能以其知识镇服学生,以其个性使学生为之目眩,然而他不是正确的教育者,因为他的知识和经验是他的嗜癖,他的避难所,他的樊笼;除非他由其中解脱,否则他无法帮助学生成为完整的人。
要成为一个正确的教育者,教师必须随时使自己从书本和实验室中解脱。他必须随时注意,不使他的学生将他塑造成一个榜样、一种理想或一项权威。当教师希望借着学生以达成他自己的愿望,当学生的成功成了他自己的成功,那么他的教育便成了一种自我延续的形式,这对于自我认识与自由是有害的。正确的教育者对于这些障碍必须加以觉察明白,以便帮助学生,使他不仅从教师的权威中解脱,而且也能从他自己的自我封闭的种种追求中解脱。
不幸的是,在学生遇到了问题时,大部分的教师并不把学生看成一个平等的伙伴——他们高高在上,训示着学生。这种师生关系只会增加教师与学生两方面的恐惧。造成这种不平等关系的原因是什么呢?是因为教师害怕自己的秘密被人发现?他与学生保持距离是为了维护自己的尊严、高贵,免于受学生的影响?这种高傲的态度,绝对无法打破人与人之间的藩篱。毕竟,教育者和他的学生是相互帮忙,从事于双方的教育。
任何的关系,都必须是一种相互间的教育。因为由知识、成就、野心所产生的自我保护性的孤立状态,只能滋生妒忌和对立,所以正确的教育者必须超越这些环绕在其周围的樊笼。
由于正确的教育者完全致力于个人的自由和完整,所以他是一个真正富有深入的宗教情操的人。他不属于任何宗教,不属于任何有组织的宗教;他免于信仰和仪式的束缚,因为他知道这些被人创造出来的信仰和仪式,是创造人的欲望所透射出来的迷惘、幻想而已。他知道唯有自我认识,也就是自由存在之时,真实或上帝才会存在。
并未获得学位的人常常是最好的教师,因为他们乐于实验;由于他们并非专家,所以他们乐于学习,乐于了解生活。对于真正的教师来说,教育不是一项技术,而是他的生活方式;就像一个伟大的艺术家一样,他宁愿挨饿也不放弃他的创造性工作。除非一个人具有这种从事教育的热望,否则他不该做一个教师。一个人务必亲自去发现他是否具有这项天赋,而不要把教育仅仅视为一种谋生的手段,草率从事。
一旦教育成了我们的一项职业、一种谋生手段,而非一项献身的天职,世界与我们之间必然会有鸿沟存在;我们的家庭生活便和我们的工作分离,无法融合。一旦教育成了一种和其他人工作相似的职业,人与人之间及社会各阶层之间的冲突与仇恨将不可避免。竞争、对于个人野心的无情追逐、国家与种族间的种种区分——他们造成对立和无止境的战争——将有增无减。
然而,如果我们致力于成为正确的教育者,那我们便不会在家庭生活和学校生活之间造成隔离,因为我们处处关心的是自由与完整。我们平等地看待富人或穷人的孩子,把每一个孩子当做一个具有特殊的性情、遗传、野心等等的个人。我们关切的,不是某个阶级,不是有权势的人或无权势的人,而是个人的自由和完整。
献身于正确教育必须是自动自发的,它不该是任何劝服或希冀个人利益的结果,而且必须心中没有因渴望成就所引起的恐惧。把自己和学校的成败视为一体,这其中仍然含有个人的动机。如果教育是一项天职,如果一个人认为正确的教育对个人是绝对必要时,他就不会被自己或旁人的野心所阻碍或左右。他会为了这项工作而腾出时间,找出机会,他会立刻着手而不求报酬、荣誉或名望。于是,其他的事——家庭、个人的安危、舒适——都成了次要的事。
如果我们真切地想成为一个正确的教师,则我们不仅只对于某种教育制度不满,而是对所有的教育制度都会产生不满,因为我们明白任何教育方法都不能使个人解脱、自由。一种方法或制度可以将个人加以限制,使他受制于一组不同的价值观,然而却无法使个人自由。
一个人也必须警觉,不要落入他自己特有的体系——心灵是一直从事此项建构的。握有一套行为、行动的模式,是一种方便而安稳的方法,因此心灵躲藏于它自己的种种公式化的行为中。时时警觉是一件麻烦而吃力的事,而奉守一种方法,却不需要思考。
重复与习惯,助长了心灵的怠惰。心灵需要冲击才能清醒过来,我们把这种冲击称为“问题”。我们解决问题的依据是那些陈腐的说明、辩解、谴责,这一切又使心灵昏沉入睡。心灵时时落入这种怠惰的形式中,正确的教育者不仅要使自己的内心中止这种怠惰,而且要帮助学生对它加以观察。
也许有人会问:“如何才能成为正确的教育者?”显然,询问“如何”的心灵并非解脱自由的心灵,而是胆怯的心灵,它寻求的是利益或结果。意欲成为某种东西的希望和努力只能使心灵服从于它所欲望的目标。然而,一个自由的心灵却是随时观察,随时学习,因而打破了自我所投射的种种障碍。
自由在于起点,它并非是到了终点才能获取的东西。一个人一旦问了“如何”,它便面临难以克服的困难。而一个希望献身教育事业的教师永远不会提出这个问题,因为他知道没有任何方法可以依循而成为正确的教育者。如果一个人真正感兴趣,他不会寻求一项方法,借以保证获得他所渴望的结果。
任何制度都能使我们具有智慧吗?我们可能通过制度的创造而获得各种学位等等;然而,我们能成为教育者吗?寻求报偿或想要被称为一个卓越的教育家,这是渴望受人赏识。虽然被称赞、被鼓励有时使人愉快,然而,如果一个人乐此不疲,它将成为一种毒剂,使人很快产生厌恶之心。期望他人的赞赏和鼓励,是颇不成熟的态度。
如果要创造任何新的事物,需要的是警觉和活力,而非争吵斗嘴。如果一个人在工作中感到挫折,那么随之而来的便是厌烦和无聊。如果一个人不感兴趣,显然他不应该继续从事教育。
然而,为何教师都缺乏浓厚的兴趣呢?什么原因使得一个人感到挫折呢?挫折并非由于被环境所迫而做这个或那个的结果;它是由于我们不明了自己真正想要做的是什么。由于内心混乱而处处受到推挤,最后踏上了一块完全使我们不感兴趣的地方。
如果教育是我们真正的天职,我们可能在今日教育的混乱中,看不出一线生机而暂时感到挫折。然而,一旦我们认清且明白了正确教育的含义,我们便又重新充满冲劲和热忱。这与意志或决心无关,而是觉察与了解的问题。
如果一个人的天职是从事教育,而他又了解正确教育的重要性,那么他不得不是正确的教育者。他不需要遵循任何的方法。了解到正确的教育对于达到个人的自由和完整是不可或缺的,这一事实会使人产生根本上的改变。如果一个人觉察到唯有经由正确的教育,人类才能有和平与快乐,那么他自然会把毕生精力和兴趣投入这项教育中。
一个人之所以从事教育,是因为他想要使孩子的内心充实,如此,对于财物,他便会赋予正确的价值。如果内心没有充实,则世俗的事物便变得过分地贵重,因而导致种种形式的毁灭与不幸。一个人从事教育是为了鼓励学生发现自己的天赋才能,并且避免那些在人与人之间滋生对立的职业。一个人从事教育,是为了帮助年轻人朝向自我认识的路。没有自我认识,便无法获得和平以及持久的快乐。一个人从事教育,不是实现自我,而是牺牲自我。
缺乏了正确的教育,迷惘便会被视为真实,于是个人的内心便永远存在着冲突,因此在他与别人的关系——这就是社会——中也会有冲突。一个人从事教育,因为他明白唯有自我认识,而非有组织的宗教教条与仪式,才能产生心灵的安宁;他明白唯有超越了“我”和“属于我”的时候,创造、真理、上帝才能存在。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 6 'PARENTS AND TEACHERS'
THE right kind of education begins with the educator, who must understand himself and be free from established patterns of thought; for what he is, that he imparts. If he has not been rightly educated, what can he teach except the same mechanical knowledge on which he himself has been brought up? The problem, therefore, is not the child, but the parent and the teacher; the problem is to educate the educator.
If we who are the educators do not understand ourselves, if we do not understand our relationship with the child but merely stuff him with information and make him pass examinations, how can we possibly bring about a new kind of education? The pupil is there to be guided and helped; but if the guide, the helper is himself confused and narrow, nationalistic and theory-ridden, then naturally his pupil will be what he is, and education becomes a source of further confusion and strife.
If we see the truth of this, we will realize how impor- tant it is that we begin to educate ourselves rightly. To be concerned with our own re-education is far more necessary than to worry about the future well-being and security of the child.
To educate the educator - that is, to have him understand himself - is one of the most difficult undertakings, because most of us are already crystallized within a system of thought or a pattern of action; we have already given ourselves over to some ideology, to a religion, or to a particular standard of conduct. That is why we teach the child what to think and not how to think.
Moreover, parents and teachers are largely occupied with their own conflicts and sorrows. Rich or poor, most parents are absorbed in their personal worries and trials. They are not gravely concerned about the present social and moral deterioration, but only desire that their children shall be equipped to get on in the world. They are anxious about the future of their children, eager to have them educated to hold secure positions, or to marry well.
Contrary to what is generally believed, most parents do not love their children, though they talk of loving them. If parents really loved their children, there would be no emphasis laid on the family and the nation as opposed to the whole, which creates social and racial divisions between men and brings about war and starvation. It is really extraordinary that, while people are rigorously trained to be lawyers or doctors, they may become parents without undergoing any training whatsoever to fit them for this all-important task.
More often than not, the family, with its separate tend- encies, encourages the general process of isolation, thereby becoming a deteriorating factor in society. it is only when there is love ind understanding that the walls of isolation are broken down, and then the family is no longer a closed circle, it is neither a prison nor a refuge; then the parents are in communion, not only with their children, but also with their neighbours.
Being absorbed in their own problems, many parents shift to the teacher the responsibility for the well-being of their children; and then it is important that the educator help in the education of the parents as well.
He must talk to them, explaining that the confused state of the world mirrors their own individual confusion. He must point out that scientific progress in itself cannot bring about a radical change in existing values; that technical training, which is now called education, has not given man freedom or made him any happier; and that to condition the student to accept the present environment is not conducive to intelligence. He must tell them what he is attempting to do for their child, and how he is setting about it. He has to awaken the parents' confidence, not by assuming the authority of a specialist dealing with ignorant laymen, but by talking over with them the child's temperament, difficulties, aptitudes and so on.
If the teacher takes a real interest in the child as an individual, the parents will have confidence in him. In this process, the teacher is educating the parents as well as himself, while learning from them in return. Right education is a mutual task demanding patience, consideration and af- fection. Enlightened teachers in an enlightened community could work out this problem of how to bring up children, and experiments along these lines should be made on a small scale by interested teachers and thoughtful parents.
Do parents ever ask themselves why they have children? Do they have children to perpetuate their name, to carry on their property? Do they want children merely for the sake of their own delight, to satisfy their own emotional needs? If so, then the children become a mere projection of the desires and fears of their parents.
Can parents claim to love their children when, by educating them wrongly, they foster envy, enmity and ambition? Is it love that stimulates the national and racial antagonisms which lead to war, destruction and utter misery, that sets man against man in the name of religions and ideologies?
Many parents encourage the child in the ways of conflict and sorrow, not only by allowing him to be submitted to the wrong kind of education, but by the manner in which they conduct their own lives; and then, when the child grows up and suffers, they pray for him or find excuses for his behaviour. The suffering of parents for their children is a form of possessive self-pity which exists only when there is no love.
If parents love their children, they will not be nationalistic, they will not identify themselves with any country; for the worship of the State brings on war, which kills or maims their sons. If parents love their children, they will discover what is right relationship to property; for the possessive in- stinct has given property an enormous and false significance which is destroying the world. If parents love their children, they will not belong to any organized religion; for dogma and belief divide people into conflicting groups, creating antagonism between man and man. If parents love their children, they will do away with envy and strife, and will set about altering fundamentally the structure of present-day society.
As long as we want our children to be powerful, to have bigger and better positions, to become more and more successful, there is no love in our hearts; for the worship of success encourages conflict and misery. To love one's children is to be in complete communion with them; it is to see that they have the kind of education that will help them to be sensitive, intelligent and integrated.
The first thing a teacher must ask himself, when he decides that he wants to teach, is what exactly he means by teaching. Is he going to teach the usual subjects in the habitual way? Does he want to condition the child to become a cog in the social machine, or help him to be an integrated, creative human being, a threat to false values? And if the educator is to help the student to examine and understand the values and influences that surround him and of which he is a part, must he not be aware of them himself? If one is blind, can one help others to cross to the other shore?
Surely, the teacher himself must first begin to see. He must be constantly alert, intensely aware of his own thoughts and feelings, aware of the ways in which he is conditioned, aware of his activities and his responses; for out of this watchfulness comes intelligence, and with it a radical transformation in his relationship to people and to things.
Intelligence has nothing to do with the passing of examinations. Intelligence is the spontaneous perception which makes a man strong and free. To awaken intelligence in a child, we must begin to understand for ourselves what intelligence is; for how can we ask a child to be intelligent if we ourselves remain unintelligent in so many ways? The problem is not only the student's difficulties, but also our own: the cumulative fears, unhappiness and frustrations of which we are not free. In order to help the child to be intelligent, we have to break down within ourselves those hindrances which make us dull and thoughtless.
How can we teach children not to seek personal security if we ourselves are pursuing it? What hope is there for the child if we who are parents and teachers are not entirely vulnerable to life, if we erect protective walls around ourselves? To discover the true significance of this struggle for security, which is causing such chaos in the world, we must begin to awaken our own intelligence by being aware of our psychological processes; we must begin to question all the values which now enclose us.
We should not continue to fit thoughtlessly into the pattern in which we happen to have been brought up. How can there ever be harmony in the individual and so in society if we do not understand ourselves? Unless the educator understands himself, unless he sees his own condi- tioned responses and is beginning to free himself from existing values, how can he possibly awaken intelligence in the child? And if he cannot awaken intelligence in the child, then what is his function?
It is only by understanding the ways of our own thought and feeling that we can truly help the child to be a free human being; and if the educator is vitally concerned with this, he will be keenly aware, not only of the child, but also of himself.
Very few of us observe our own thoughts and feelings. If they are obviously ugly, we do not understand their full significance, but merely try to check them or push them aside. We are not deeply aware of ourselves; our thoughts and feelings are stereotyped, automatic. We learn a few subjects, gather some information, and then try to pass it on to the children.
But if we are vitally interested, we shall not only try to find out what experiments are being made in education in different parts of the world, but we shall want to be very clear about our own approach to this whole question; we shall ask ourselves why and to what purpose we are educating the children and ourselves; we shall inquire into the meaning of existence, into the relationship of the individual to society, and so on. Surely, educators must be aware of these problems and try to help the child to discover the truth concerning them, without projecting upon him their own idiosyncrasies and habits of thought.
Merely to follow a system, whether political or educational, will never solve our many social problems; and it is far more important to understand the manner of our approach to any problem, than to understand the problem itself.
If children are to be free from fear - whether of their parents, of their environment, or of God - the educator himself must have no fear. But that is the difficulty: to find teachers who are not themselves the prey of some kind of fear. Fear narrows down thought and limits initiative, and a teacher who is fearful obviously cannot convey the deep significance of being without fear. Like goodness, fear is contagious. If the educator himself is secretly afraid, he will pass that fear on to his students, although its contamination may not be immediately seen.
Suppose, for example, that a teacher is afraid of public opinion; he sees the absurdity of his fear, and yet cannot go beyond it. What is he to do? He can at least acknowledge it to himself, and can help his students to understand fear by bringing out his own psychological reaction and openly talking it over with them. This honest and sincere approach will greatly encourage the students to be equally open and direct with themselves and with the teacher.
To give freedom to the child, the educator himself must be aware of the implications and the full significance of freedom. Example and compulsion in any form do not help to bring about freedom, and it is only in freedom that there can be self-discovery and insight.
The child is influenced by the people and the things about him, and the right kind of educator should help him to uncover these influences and their true worth. Right values are not discovered through the authority of society or tradition; only individual thoughtfulness can reveal them.
If one understands this deeply, one will encourage the student from the very beginning to awaken insight into present-day individual and social values. One will encourage him to seek out, not any particular set of values, but the true value of all things. One will help him to be fearless, which is to be free of all domination, whether by the teacher, the family or society, so that as an individual he can flower in love and goodness. In thus helping the student towards freedom, the educator is changing his own values also; he too is beginning to be rid of the `'me" and the"mine," he too is flowering in love and goodness. This process of mutual education creates an altogether different relationship between the teacher and the student.
Domination or compulsion of any kind is a direct hindrance to freedom and intelligence. The right kind of educator has no authority, no power in society; he is beyond the edicts and sanctions of society. If we are to help the student to be free from his hindrances, which have been created by himself and by his environment, then every form of compulsion and domination must be understood and put aside; and this cannot be done if the educator is not also freeing himself from all crippling authority.
To follow another, however great, prevents the discovery of the ways of the self; to run after the promise of some ready-made Utopia makes the mind utterly unaware of the enclosing action of its own desire for comfort, for authority, for someone else's help. The priest, the politician, the lawyer, the soldier, are all there to "help" us; but such help destroys intelligence and freedom. The help we need does not lie outside ourselves. We do not have to beg for help; it comes without our seeking it when we are humble in our dedicated work, when we are open to the understanding of our daily trials and accidents.
We must avoid the conscious or unconscious craving for support and encouragement, for such craving creates its own response, which is always gratifying. It is comforting to have someone to encourage us, to give us a lead, to pacify us; but this habit of turning to another as a guide, as an authority, soon becomes a poison in our system. The moment we depend on another for guidance, we forget our original intention, which was to awaken individual freedom and intelligence.
All authority is a hindrance, and it is essential that the educator should not become an authority for the student. The building up of authority is both a conscious and an unconscious process.
The student is uncertain, groping, but the teacher is sure in his knowledge, strong in his experience. The strength and certainty of the teacher give assurance to the student, who tends to bask in that sunlight; but such assurance is neither lasting nor true. A teacher who consciously or un consciously encourages dependence can never be of great help to his students. He may overwhelm them with his knowledge, dazzle them with his personality, but he is not the right kind of educator because his knowledge and experiences are his addiction, his security, his prison; and until he himself is free of them, he cannot help his students to be integrated human beings.
To be the right kind of educator, a teacher must constantly be freeing himself from books and laboratories; he must ever be watchful to see that the students do not make of him an example, an ideal, an authority. When the teacher desires to fulfil himself in his students, when their success is his, then his teaching is a form of self-continuation, which is detrimental to self-knowledge and freedom. The right kind of educator must be aware of all these hindrances in order to help his students to be free, not only from his authority, but from their own self-enclosing pursuits.
Unfortunately, when it comes to understanding a problem, most teachers do not treat the student as an equal partner; from their superior position, they give instructions to the pupil, who is far below them. Such a relationship only strengthens fear in both the teacher and the student. What creates this unequal relationship? Is it that the teacher is afraid of being found out? Does he keep a dignified distance to guard his susceptibilities, hide importance? Such superior aloofness in no way helps to break down the barriers that separate individuals. After all, the educator and his pupil are helping each other to educate themselves.
All relationship should be a mutual education;and as the protective isolation afforded by knowledge, by achievement, by ambition, only breeds envy and antagonism, the right kind of educator must transcend these walls with which he surrounds himself.
Because he is devoted solely to the freedom and integra- tion of the individual, the right kind of educator is deeply and truly religious. He does not belong to any sect, to any organized religion; he is free of beliefs and rituals, for he knows that they are only illusions, fancies, superstitions projected by the desires of those who create them. He knows that reality or God comes into being only when there is self-knowledge ind therefore freedom.
People who have no academic degrees often make the best teachers because they are willing to experiment; not being specialists, they are interested in learning, in understanding life. For the true teacher, teaching is not a technique, it is his way of life; like a great artist, he would rather starve than give up his creative work. Unless one has this burning desire to teach, one should not be a teacher. It is of the utmost importance that one discover for oneself whether one his this gift, and not merely drift into teaching because it is a means of livelihood.
As long as teaching is only a profession, a means of livelihood, and not a dedicated vocation, there is bound to be a wide gap between the world and ourselves: our home life and our work remain separate and distinct. As long as education is only a job like any other, conflict and enmity among individuals and among the various class levels of society are inevitable; there will be increasing competition, the ruthless pursuit of personal ambition, and the building up of the national and racial divisions which create antagonism and endless wars.
But if we have dedicated ourselves to be the right kind of educators, we do not create barriers between our home life and the life at school, for we are everywhere concerned with freedom and intelligence. We consider equally the children of the rich and of the poor, regarding each child as an individual with his particular temperament, heredity, ambitions, and so on. We are concerned, not with a class, not with the powerful or the weak, but with the freedom and integration of the individual.
Dedication to the right kind of education must be wholly voluntary. It should not be the result of any kind of persuasion, or of any hope of personal gain; and it must be devoid of the fears that arise from the craving for success and achievement. The identification of oneself with the success or failure of a school is still within the field of personal motive. If to teach is one's vocation, if one looks upon the right kind of education as a vital need for the individual, then one will not allow oneself to be hindered or in any way sidetracked either by one's own ambitions or by those of another; one will find time and opportunity for this work, and will set about it without seeking reward, honour or fame. Then all other things - family, personal security, comfort - become of secondary importance.
If we are in earnest about being the right kind of teachers, we shall be thoroughly dissatisfied, not with a particular system of education, but with all systems, because we see that no educational method can free the individual. A method or a system may condition him to a different set of values, but it cannot make him free.
One has to be very watchful also not to fall into one's own particular system, which the mind is ever building. To have a pattern of conduct, of action, is a convenient and safe procedure, and that is why the mind takes shelter within its formations. To be constantly alert is bothersome and exacting, but to develop and follow a method does not demand thought.
Repetition and habit encourage the mind to be sluggish; a shock is needed to awaken it, which we then call a problem. We try to solve this problem according to our well-worn explanations, justifications and condemnations, all of which puts the mind back to sleep again. In this form of sluggishness the mind is constantly being caught, and the right kind of educator not only puts an end to it within himself, but also helps his students to be aware of it.
Some may ask,"How does one become the right kind of educator?" Surely, to ask "How" indicates, not a free mind, but a mind that is timorous, that is seeking an advantage, a result. The hope and the effort to become something only makes the mind conform to the desired end, while a free mind is constantly watching, learning, and therefore breaking through its self-projected hindrances.
Freedom is at the beginning, it is not something to be gained at the end. The moment one asks "How," one is confronted with insurmountable difficulties, and the teacher who is eager to dedicate his life to education will never ask this question, for he knows that there is no method by which one can become the right kind of educator. If one is vitally interested, one does not ask for a method that will assure one of the desired result.
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2009/01/05 10:17 情欲与性冲动,如同其他有关人的问题一样,都是复杂而困难的问题。如果教育者自己都没有深入地探讨过这个问题,明白它所牵连的种种含义,他如何能帮助他所教育的人呢?如果父母或教师自己都陷于性的漩涡中,他又如何指导孩子呢?如果我们不了解这整个问题的意义,我们能帮助孩子吗?教育者在传授对性的了解时,态度有赖于他的心境。他是温和清静,或是因自己的欲望而心力交瘁?
为何对我们大部分人而言,性,是个充满混乱和冲突的问题?为何它成了我们的生活上的一项主宰力量?主要原因是我们没有创造力。而我们之所以缺乏创造力,是因为我们整个社会与道德的文化以及我们的教育方法,均是以智力的发展为基础。性问题的解决,在于了解创造力并非借着智力的发生作用而得以产生。相反,唯有当智力静止时,才有创造。智力,以及作为智力的心灵,只能重复、回忆,它不停地制造新的字眼,重组旧有的字眼;由于我们多半是经由头脑来感觉、来体验,于是我们便只生活在字眼里,生活在机械式的重复中。显然这不是创造。而由于我们没有创造力,因此我们仅存的唯一创造方式,便是性。性是属于心智的,而属于心智的事物必须得到满足实现,否则便有挫折。
我们的思想、生活是袒露的、贫弱的、肤浅的、空洞的。在感情上,我们贫乏;在宗教上、智力上,我们重复旧调,沉闷无聊;在社会上、政治上、经济上,我们被组成集团派别,受到操纵。我们不是快乐的人,我们没有生命活力,我们不是高高兴兴的。在家庭、事业、教堂、学校之中,我们从来不曾体验到一种创造性的存在状态,在我们每日的思维和行动中,我们内心深处并不曾解脱。我们受到四面八方的围困,性自然成为我们唯一的发泄之途,成为我们一再追逐的经验,因为性能在刹那间给予我们那忘我的快乐状态。构成问题的,并不是性,而是想要重复快乐状态,想要获取性或任何其他的欢乐,并使其持久不逝的那种欲望。
我们真正渴求的是这种遗忘自我的强烈热情,这种把我们自己与使我们完全沉浸于其中的事物视为一同。因为我们是渺小的,微不足道的,而且是痛苦的根源,因此在意识中或无意识中,我们想要将自己迷失于个人的或集体的兴奋状态下,迷失在高超的思想里,或在某种粗陋的感官刺激之中。
创造的生活障碍之一便是恐惧,而顾全体面是此种恐惧的表现。顾全体面的人,受世俗道德所束缚的人,对生活的深刻意义是无所觉察的。他们被自设的道德围墙所关闭而无法超越。他们那种有色玻璃的道德是基于理想和宗教信仰,与真实毫不相关。一旦他们藏身其中,他们便生活于自设的迷惘世界里。顾全体面的人,虽然有自设的道德使他们心满意足,然而他们也是生活在混乱、不幸与冲突之中。
恐惧——它是渴求安全的结果——使我们附和顺从,使我们模仿,使我们屈服于控制之下。因此,恐惧阻碍了创造的生活。创造的生活是生活于自由之中,也就是说无所恐惧;而唯有心灵不陷于欲望以及欲望的满足中,创造的状态才能存在。唯有以细心的注意力观察我们的情感和心智,才能拆解欲望的秘密存在方式。我们越是体谅、仁慈,心灵便越少受欲望的支配。唯有当爱不再存在,感官的刺激才成了使人心焦的问题。
要了解这项感官的刺激问题,我们就必须从教育上、宗教上、社会上、道德上各方面去面对它,而非只从单一方面去了解它。由于我们如此猛烈地强调感官的价值,感官的刺激便几乎成了我们唯一重要的事。
经由书本、广告、电影、以及其他许多方式,形形色色的感官刺激不断地受到强调。政治上或宗教上的盛会、戏剧和其他各种娱乐,这一切都促使我们在生活的个层面去寻求感官的刺激,而我们却欣然接受。肉欲及其各种形式都得到发挥,然而与此同时,贞洁的理想却受到鼓励。因此在我们的内心形成一个矛盾;奇怪的是,这项矛盾本身反成了一种兴奋剂。
唯有我们对感官刺激的追求——这是心智的种种主要活动之一——加以了解,那么,欢乐、激奋和暴力才不会在我们生活中成为一项具有支配力的角色。因为我们没有爱,所以性、对于感官刺激的追求,成了一项使人精疲力竭的问题。当爱存在,贞洁便存在。然而,一个设法“贞洁”的人却不是一个贞洁的人。德行与自由同在,一旦了解了现在存在的事物,自由便出现了。
在我们年轻时,我们有强烈的性冲动,我们大部分人都以节制或戒律来处理这些欲望,因为我们以为如果不加以限制,我们会变得淫荡好色,贪求无厌。有组织的宗教对于性道德特别注重,然而却允许我们以爱国的名义从事谋杀与暴力的行为,沉迷于妒嫉和狡诈无情,追逐着权力与成功。为何这些有组织的宗教对于性道德特别注重,然而对于贪婪、剥削和战争不加以攻击呢?这不是因为有组织的宗教是属于我们所创造的环境中的一部分,因此他们借着我们的恐惧、希望、妒嫉与分歧而得以存在吗?因此,宗教和其他各方面一样,心灵也被它自身欲望的投射所禁闭了。
倘若对于欲望的整个过程没有深入的了解,则今日存在于东西方的婚姻制度,对于性问题是无法提供解答的。爱并不起于婚姻合约的签订,也不是基于双方满足的互换,或相互间的安全与舒适。所有这一切都是属于心智的范围,这也就是为什么爱在我们的生活里只占据着极小地位的原因。爱是不属于心智范围的,它完全不依赖思想及其狡猾的计算、自我保护的需求和反应。当爱存在,性永远不会是个问题——缺乏了爱,问题便产生了。
造成问题的是心灵的种种障碍和其逃避方式,而非性或任何其他特定的事故。因此,重要的是了解心灵的过程,它的趋向和厌弃,它对美与丑的反应。我们应该观察我们自己,观察我们自己是如何对待他人,以何种态度面对男人和女人。我们应该明白,一旦为了一个人的自尊自大,家庭被用作自我延续的手段,它便成为分裂隔离以及反社会活动的中心。家庭与财产一旦立足于自我及其使人日趋狭隘的欲望和追求之上,便成为权利与控制的工具,成为个人与社会之间冲突的来源。
这些有关人的问题,其困难之处,在于作为父母与教师的我们,变得如此烦闷厌倦、绝望沮丧,完全陷于混乱和不安中。生活沉重地压在我们身上,我们想要得到慰藉,想要被人所爱。我们自己的内心贫乏无能,又如何能给予孩子正确的教育?
这就是为何问题的重点不在学生,而在于教育者。我们的情感和心智都需经过洗涤,才能教育他人。如果教育者自己内心混乱,歪曲不正,限于他自己欲望的迷宫之中,他如何能传授智慧,帮助他人纠正生活之道?然而,我们并非是靠专家来了解和修理的机器,我们是一连串的影响和事件所造成的结果,每个人都必须亲自去拆解他自身的混乱而加以了解。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 7 'SEX AND MARRIAGE'
LIKE other human problems, the problem of our passions and sexual urges is a complex and difficult one, and if the educator himself has not deeply probed into it and seen its many implications, how can he help those he is educating? If the parent or the teacher is himself caught up in the turmoils of sex, how can he guide the child? Can we help the children if we ourselves do not understand the significance of this whole problem? The manner in which the educator imparts an understanding of sex depends on the state of his own mind; it depends on whether he is gently dispassionate, or consumed by his own desires.
Now, why is sex to most of us a problem, full of confusion and conflict? Why has it become a dominant factor in our lives? One of the main reasons is that we are not creative; and we are not creative because our whole social and moral culture, as well as our educational methods, are based on development of the intellect. The solution to this problem of sex lies in understanding that creation does not occur through the functioning of the intellect. On the contrary, there is creation only when the intellect is still.
The intellect, the mind as such, can only repeat, recollect, it is constantly spinning new words and rearranging old ones; and as most of us feel and experience only through the brain, we live exclusively on words and mechanical repetitions. This is obviously not creation; and since we are uncreative, the only means of creativeness left to us is sex. Sex is of the mind, and that which is of the mind must fulfil itself or there is frustration.
Our thoughts, our lives are bright, arid, hollow, empty; emotionally we are starved, religiously and intellectually we are repetitive, dull; socially, politically and economically we are regimented, controlled. We are not happy people, we are not vital, joyous; at home, in business, at church, at school, we never experience a creative state of being, there is no deep release in our daily thought and action. Caught and held from all sides, naturally sex becomes our only outlet, an experience to be sought again and again because it momentarily offers that state of happiness which comes when there is absence of self. It is not sex that constitutes a problem, but the desire to recapture the state of happiness, to gain and maintain pleasure, whether sexual or any other.
What we are really searching for is this intense passion of self-forgetfulness, this identification with something in which we can lose ourselves completely. Because the self is small, petty and a source of pain, consciously or unconsciously we want to lose ourselves in individual or collective excitement, in lofty thoughts, or in some gross form of sensation.
When we seek to escape from the self, the means of escape are very important, and then they also become painful problems to us. Unless we investigate and understand the hindrances that prevent creative living, which is freedom from self, we shall not understand the problem of sex.
One of the hindrances to creative living is fear, and respectability is a manifestation of that fear. The respectable, the morally bound, are not aware of the full and deep significance of life. They are enclosed between the walls of their own righteousness and cannot see beyond them. Their stained-glass morality, based on ideals and religious beliefs, has nothing to do with reality; and when they take shelter behind it, they are living in the world of their own illusions. In spite of their self-imposed and gratifying morality, the respectable also are in confusion, misery and conflict.
Fear, which is the result of our desire to be secure, makes us conform, imitate and submit to domination, and therefore it prevents creative living. To live creatively is to live in freedom, which is to be without fear; and there can be a state of creativeness only when the mind is not caught up in desire and the gratification of desire. It is only by watching our own hearts and minds with delicate attention that we can unravel the hidden ways of our desire. The more thoughtful and affectionate we are, the less desire dominates the mind. It is only when there is no love that sensation becomes a consuming problem.
To understand this problem of sensation, we shall have to approach it, not from any one direction, but from every side, the educational, the religious, the social and the moral. Sensations have become almost exclusively important to us because we lay such overwhelming emphasis on sensate values.
Through books, through advertisements, through the cinema, and in many other ways, various aspects of sensation are constantly being stressed. The political and religious pageants, the theatre and other forms of amusement, all encourage us to seek stimulation at different levels of our being; and we delight in this encouragement. Sensuality is being developed in every possible way, and at the same time, the ideal of chastity is upheld. A contradiction is thus built up within us; and strangely enough, this very contradiction is stimulating.
It is only when we understand the pursuit of sensation, which is one of the major activities of the mind, that pleasure, excitement and violence cease to be a dominant feature in our lives. It is because we do not love, that sex, the pursuit of sensation, has become a consuming problem. When there is love, there is chastity; but he who tries to be chaste, is not. Virtue comes with freedom, it comes when there is an understanding of what is.
When we are young, we have strong sexual urges, and most of us try to deal with these desires by controlling and disciplining them, because we think that without some kind of restraint we shall become consumingly lustful. Organized religions are much concerned about our sexual morality; but they allow us to perpetrate violence and murder in the name of patriotism, to indulge in envy and crafty ruthlessness, and to pursue power and success. Why should they be so concerned with this particular type of morality, and not attack exploitation, greed and war? Is it not because organized religions, being part of the environment which we have created, depend for their very existence on our fears and hopes, on our envy and separatism? So, in the religious field as in every other, the mind is held in the projections of its own desires.
As long as there is no deep understanding of the whole process of desire, the institution of marriage as it now exists, whether in the East or in the West, cannot provide the answer to the sexual problem. Love is not induced by the signing of a contract, nor is it based on an exchange of gratification, nor on mutual security and comfort. All these things are of the mind, and that is why love occupies so small a place in our lives. Love is not of the mind, it is wholly independent of thought with its cunning calculations, its self-protective demands and reactions. When there is love, sex is never a problem - it is the lack of love that creates the problem.
The hindrances and escapes of the mind constitute the problem, and not sex or any other specific issue; and that is why it is important to understand the mind's process, its attractions and repulsions, its responses to beauty, to ugliness. We should observe ourselves, become aware of how we regard people, how we look at men and women. We should see that the family becomes a centre of separatism and of antisocial activities when it is used as a means of self-perpetuation, for the sake of one's self-importance. Family and property, when centred on the self with its ever-narrowing desires and pursuits, become the instruments of power and domination, a source of conflict between the individual and society.
The difficulty in all these human questions is that we ourselves, the parents and teachers, have become so utterly weary and hopeless, altogether confused and without peace; life weighs heavily upon us, and we want to be comforted, we want to be loved. Being poor and insufficient within ourselves, how can we hope to give the right kind of education to the child?
That is why the major problem is not the pupil, but the educator; our own hearts and minds must be cleansed if we are to be capable of educating others. If the educator himself is confused, crooked, lost in a maze of his own desires, how can he impart wisdom or help to make straight the way of another? But we are not machines to be understood and repaired by experts; we are the result of a long series of influences and accidents, and each one has to unravel and understand for himself the confusion of his own nature. |
2009/01/04 8:11 我们大部分人都不断地逃避自我。由于艺术提供了一种使人尊敬而又简易的逃避方法,所以它在许多人的生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。渴求忘我的欲望使得有些人走向艺术,另一些人沉溺于酒精中,还有一些人则遵循神秘而异想天开的宗教教条。
一旦我们意识中或无意识中利用某种事物以逃避我们自己,我们便会沉迷于其中。我们依赖一个人,一首诗或任何其他事物,借此以消除烦恼和忧虑。虽然这种依赖能暂时使人有充实之感,却在我们的生活中制造了更进一步的冲突与矛盾。
有冲突之处,创造的状态便无法存在。因此,正确的教育应该帮助个人面对他的问题,而非崇尚那些逃避的方法。它应该帮助个人去了解冲突,铲除冲突,因为惟有如此,创造的状态才能出现。
脱离了生活的艺术,并没有多大的意义。当艺术与我们每日的生活分离,当我们的本能生活(instinctual life)和我们在画布上、大理石上或文字上的努力之间有了鸿沟,艺术就成了我们想要逃避现实的那种肤浅欲望的表现。要跨过这条鸿沟是有困难的,尤其是那些有天分的而且艺术老练的人。然而,惟有跨过这条鸿沟,我们的生活才会完整,艺术才能完整地表现我们。
心灵有制造迷惘的能力。如果我们不了解心灵的存在方式,则所谓寻求灵感只是自欺欺人而已。灵感的来临,是当我们对它开放胸怀之时,而非当我们向它媚求之时。借着任何的刺激而尝试去获取灵感,足以导致形形色色的迷惘。
除非一个人觉悟出生活的意义,否则他的能力或天赋便会用来强调自我及其欲望,如此便促使一个人孤立,以自我为中心。他感到自己是个超越的存在体,一个优越的人,这一切都滋生了种种弊害,引起无尽的争斗和痛苦。自我是由许多实体(entities)集合而成,每一个实体都和其他实体相抗衡。自我是种种相互冲突的欲望战场,“属于我的”和“不属于我的”之间的不断挣扎之处。一旦我们强调了自我,强调了“我”和“属于我的”,则在我们内心和世界上将会有日益增加的冲突。
一个真正的艺术家是超越了自我的虚荣以及自我的野心。具有优越的表现能力,然而却陷于名利之中,就造成一个充满矛盾和争执的生活。赞颂和阿谀一旦受到重视,便会鼓舞自我,毁灭了感受性,而对任何成功加以崇拜,显然都危害了智慧。
促成孤立的任何脾性或才能,任何形式的自我(self identification)认同,不论它如何使人刺激兴奋,都扭曲了敏感性的表现而带来了不敏感。当天赋成为私人的东西,当重点放在“我”和“属于我的”之上——“我”作画,“我”写作,“我”发明——则敏感性便麻木迟钝了。惟有当我们在与他人、与事物、与大自然的关系中,觉察到我们自己的思维与情感的每一个活动时,心灵才是开放的,柔韧的,不受自我保护的需求和追逐所束缚。惟有此时,才能不被自我所阻碍,对丑的事物与美的事物才能有敏锐的感觉。
对于美和丑的感觉并非来自迷恋之情,而是来自爱,是当自我所制造出来的冲突不存在时。当我们内心贫乏,我们便沉溺于各种外表形式的卖弄,沉弱于金钱、权力和财物之中。当内心空虚时,我们便聚敛物质。如果我们有钱,我们便购置了自认为美的东西,充塞于我们的四周。由于我们对这些东西过于重视,因此发生于世界上的许多不幸与毁灭,我们都难辞其咎。
贪取之心并非是对美的喜爱,它是起于渴求安全的欲望,而置身于安全之处即无法敏感,渴求安全的欲望制造了恐惧。贪取之心出发了一种孤立的过程,在我们四周筑起抵挡的围墙,而这些围墙阻碍了对一切事物的敏感。一件东西不论如何美丽,它不久便失去对我们的吸引力——我们见惯了它,于是一件原来充满喜悦的事物变得空洞沉闷了。美仍在那儿,并未消失,然而我们不再对它开放胸怀了,它被我们每日单调的生活所吞灭了。
由于我们内心枯萎,忘了何谓仁慈体谅,忘了如何观看星辰、树木、水中倒影,因此我们需要借着图画、珠宝、书本以及无穷尽的娱乐以获得刺激。我们不断地寻求新的刺激,新的战粟情绪,我们渴求日益繁多的感官刺激。这项渴求与它所获得的满足,造成心智和情感的厌倦与无聊。只要我们寻求是感官刺激,被我们称之为美或丑的事物便只有极肤浅的意义。惟有当我们能够重新面对一切事物,才会有恒久的喜悦——然而一旦我们被自己的欲望所束缚时,那便不可能了。渴求感官刺激与满足,阻碍了对恒久常新事物的体验。感官刺激能以买卖购得,但是,对于美的爱却是不可能的。
当我们觉察到内心的空虚,却不逃避它而躲入任何的感官刺激时;当我们完全开放胸怀,高度地敏感时,才有创造。惟有此时,我们才会遇见创造性的喜悦。培养外在的事物而不了解内在的事物,必然会产生一些使人走向毁灭和悲哀的价值。
学习一项技术可以使我们获得一项工作,却不能使我们有创造力。然而,如果有喜悦,有创造的火焰,它则会发现出一种表现的方式。一个人不需要去学习表现的方法。当一个人真正想要写一首诗,他便把它写下来,如果他有技巧,那更好;然而,如果一个人没有话说,则又何必强调那仅用来表达的工具呢?当我们心中有了爱,我们就不必寻求如何组合字句。
大艺术家和大文豪,他们可能是有创造力的人,然而我们却不是,我们只是观众而已。我们阅读无数的书籍,倾听优美的音乐,观赏艺术作品,然后我们从不曾直接体验那崇高的事物;我们的经验永远需要借助于一首诗、一幅画、一位圣人的品格。要唱歌,则在我们心中必须要有歌可唱;然而,由于遗失了歌,我们便追求着歌者。没有作为媒介的人,我们便感到无所适从。可是,我们“必须”无所适从,而后才能有所发现。发现是创造力的开始;如果没有创造力,无论我们做什么,都不会有安宁和快乐。
我们以为,如果学得一种方法、一种技术、一种格调,我们将能富有创造力而快乐地生活。然而,惟有当内心充实,才会有创造性的快乐,这是无法借着任何方法获得的。自我的改进——这是寻求“我”以及“属于我的”安全的另一种方式——并非是创造性的,它也不是对于美的爱。惟有对于心灵的存在方式,以及它为自身所设的种种障碍加以时时地警觉,创造力才能出现。
虽然自由创造与自我认识并肩而行,可是,自我认识并非是一种天赋。一个人可能有创造力而没有任何特殊的才能。创造力是一种存在的状态,在此状态中,自我的冲突及其悲哀不复存在,而心灵不陷于对欲望的渴求和追逐之中。
有创造力,并非只是写写诗、雕塑像或生孩子,而是处于一种真理得以存在的状态中。当思维完全静止,真理便出现了。惟有当自我不复存在,当心终止了它的活动,也就是说,当心不再受它的自身追逐所束缚,此时思维才会静止。当心完全静止,而非被迫或被训练而沉寂,当心因自我停止活动而寂静,则创造便出现了。
对美的爱可以表现在一首歌、一个微笑中,或表现在沉默之中;然而我们大多数人不爱沉默。我们没有时间去观看飞鸟或行云,因为我们忙于种种追逐与欢乐。当美不存在于我们的心中,我们如何能帮助孩子警觉、敏感?我们尽力对美的事物敏感,却同时回避丑的事物,然而对丑的事物的回避却不敏感。如果我们想在年轻人的心中培育敏感力,我们自己就必须对美与丑的事物要敏感,而且利用每个机会促使他们观赏人所创造出来的美,以及大自然中的美,由此唤醒他们心中的喜悦之情。
EDUCATION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE CHAPTER 8 'ART, BEAUTY AND CREATION'
MOST of us are constantly trying to escape from ourselves; and as art offers a respectable and easy means of doing so, it plays a significant part in the lives of many people. In the desire for self-forgetfulness, some turn to art, others take to drink, while still others follow mysterious and fanciful religious doctrines.
When, consciously or unconsciously, we use something to escape from ourselves, we become addicted to it. To depend on a person, a poem, or what you will, as a means of release from our worries and anxieties, though momentarily enriching, only creates further conflict and contradiction in our lives.
The state of creativeness cannot exist where there is conflict, and the right kind of education should therefore help the individual to face his problems and not glorify the ways of escape; it should help him to understand and eliminate conflict, for only then can this state of creativeness come into being. Art divorced from life has no great significance. When art is separate from our daily living, when there is a gap between our instinctual life and our efforts on canvas, in marble or in words, then art becomes merely an expression of our superficial desire to escape from the reality of what is. To bridge this gap is very arduous, especially for those who are gifted and technically proficient; but it is only when the gap is bridged that our life becomes integrated and art an integra expression of ourselves.
Mind has the power to create illusion; and without understanding its ways, to seek inspiration is to invite self-deception. Inspiration comes when we are open to it, not when we are courting it. To attempt to gain inspiration through any form of stimulation leads to all kinds of delusions.
Unless one is aware of the significance of existence, capacity or gift gives emphasis and importance to the self and its cravings. it tends to make the individual self-centred and separative; he feels himself to be an entity apart, a superior being, all of which breeds many evils and causes ceaseless strife and pain. The self is a bundle of many entities, each opposed to the others. It is a battlefield of conflicting desires, a centre of constant struggle between the"mine" and the"not-mine; and as long as we give importance to the self, to the "me" and the"mine," there will be increasing conflict within ourselves and in the world.
A true artist is beyond the vanity of the self and its ambitions. To have the power of brilliant expression, and yet be caught in worldly ways, makes for a life of contradiction and strife. Praise and adulation, when taken to heart, inflate the ego and destroy receptivity, and the worship of success in any field is obviously detrimental to intelligence.
Any tendency or talent which makes for isolation, any form of self-identification, however stimulating, distorts the expression of sensitivity and brings about insensitivity. Sensitivity is dulled when gift becomes personal, when importance is given to the "me" and the "mine" - I paint, I write, I invent. It is only when we are aware of every movement of our own thought and feeling in our relationship with people, with things and with nature, that the mind is open, pliable, not tethered to self-protective demands and pursuits; and only then is there sensitivity to the ugly and the beautiful, unhindered by the self.
Sensitivity to beauty and to ugliness does not come about through attachment; it comes with love, when there are no self-created conflicts. When we are inwardly poor, we indulge in every form of outward show, in wealth, power and possessions. When our hearts are empty, we collect things. If we can afford it, we surround ourselves with objects that we consider beautiful, and because we attach enormous importance to them, we are responsible for much misery and destruction.
The acquisitive spirit is not the love of beauty; it arises from the desire for security, and to be secure is to be insensitive. The desire to be secure creates fear; it sets going a process of isolation which builds walls of resistance around us, and these walls prevent all sensitivity. However beautiful an object may be, it soon loses its appeal for us; we dull. Beauty is still there, but we are no longer open to it, and it has been absorbed into our monotonous daily existence.
Since our hearts are withered and we have forgotten how to be kindly, how to look at the stars, at the trees, at the reflections on the water, we require the stimulation of pictures and jewels, of books and endless amusements. We are constantly seeking new excitements, new thrills, we crave an everincreasing variety of sensations. Art is this craving and its satisfaction that make the mind and heart weary and dull. As long as we are seeking sensation, the things that we call beautiful and ugly have but a very superficial significance. There is lasting joy only when we are capable of approaching all things afresh - which is not possible as long as we are bound up in our desires. The craving for sensation and gratification prevents the experiencing of that which is always new. Sensations can be bought, but not the love of beauty.
When we are aware of the emptiness of our own minds and hearts without running away from it into any kind of stimulation or sensation, when we are completely open, highly sensitive, only then can there be creation, only then shall we find creative joy. To cultivate the outer without understanding the inner must inevitably build up those values which lead men to destruction and sorrow.
Learning a technique may provide us with a job, but it will not make us creative; whereas, if there is joy, if there is the creative fire, it will find a way to express itself, one need not study a method of expression. When one really wants to write a poem, one writes it, and if one has the technique, so much the better; but why stress what is but a means of communication if one has nothing to say? When there is love in our hearts, we do not search for a way of putting words together.
Great artists and great writers may be creators, but we are not, we are mere spectators. We read vast numbers of books, listen to magnificent music, look at works of art, but we never directly experience the sublime; our experience is always through a poem, through a picture, through the personality of a saint. To sing we must have a song in our hearts; but having lost the song, we pursue the singer. Without an intermediary we feel lost; but we must be lost before we can discover anything. Discovery is the beginning of creativeness; and without creativeness, do what we may, there can be no peace or happiness for man.
We think that we shall be able to live happily, creatively, if we learn a method, a technique, a style; but creative happiness comes only when there is inward richness, it can never be attained through any system. Self-improvement, which is another way of assuring the security of the "me" and the"mine," is not creative, nor is it love of beauty. Creativeness comes into being when there is constant awareness of the ways of the mind, and of the hindrances it has built for itself.
The freedom to create comes with self-knowledge; but self-knowledge is not a gift. One can be creative without having any particular talent. Creativeness is a state of being in which the conflicts and sorrows of the self are absent, a state in which the mind is not caught up in the demands and pursuits of desire.
To be creative is not merely to produce poems, or statues, or children; it is to be in that state in which truth can come into being. Truth comes into being when there is a complete cessation of thought; and thought ceases only when the self is absent, when the mind has ceased to create, that is, when it is no longer caught in its own pursuits. When the mind is utterly still without being forced or trained into quiescence, when it is silent because the self is inactive, then there is creation.
The love of beauty may express itself in a song, in a smile, or in silence; but most of us have no inclination to be silent. We have not the time to observe the birds, the passing clouds, because we are too busy with our pursuits and pleasures. When there is no beauty in our hearts, how can we help the children to be alert and sensitive? We try to be sensitive to beauty while avoiding the ugly; but avoidance of the ugly makes for insensitivity. If we would develop sensitivity in the young, we ourselves must be sensitive to beauty and to ugliness, and must take every opportunity to awaken in them the joy there is in seeing, not only the beauty that man has created, but also the beauty of nature. |
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