Unit 3 A Good Heart to Lean On
New words:1.lean:vi. (1)倚,靠:They lean on each other for support.他们互相扶持。
(2)倾斜;倾向,偏向:to lean backward向后仰;to lean towards sb.’s opinions倾向赞成某人的意见
n.(C)倾斜,倾向,靠,倾斜度: a lean of 30°   30度倾斜
a.(1)(身体)瘦的,消瘦的,骨瘦如柴的:A lean dog shames his master.狗瘦主人羞。
   (2)瘦肉的:It reminds me of lean pork．  这使我想起了瘦肉。
   (3)贫乏的,贫瘠的的,简单的,无价值的:
短语:lean against on (upon）倚靠在某物上lean（up) on sb. /sth.（for sth.）依靠,依赖 lean on sb．(informal)施加压力/威胁或恐吓某人lean over探过身子
扩展:leaning:爱好,倾向,倾斜   Synonyms:favor, rely on, tend to do sth.,depend on, count on
比较:depend和rely都可表示“信赖”或“依靠”某人或某事,但两词的确切含义不同。
⑴depend是常用词,指由于自己的能力不够而需要依靠别人的帮助、抚养和支持,并认为给以帮助或支持是理所应当的。也可指依仗他人。后面常用介词upon或on,在口语中介词on可省略。
例如:We depend on the radio for news.我们靠收音机听新闻。Large majorities of elderly Americans depend solely on social security income．绝大多数美国老人仅依靠社会保险金生活。It depends (on) whether you want to do it or not.这得看你是否想做。
⑵ rely是指根据以往的经验或交往,充分相信能从某些人那里获得所需的东西。常跟介词on或upon(相当于count on) ;on后跟名词、代词、带不定式的复合结构;不可跟动名词或由分词构成的复合结构。例如：You can rely on me to keep your secret.你尽管相信，我一定为你保密。
He can always be relied upon for help. 无论何时，要他帮忙都是靠得住的。
The small town relies on the seasonal  tourist industry for jobs．这个小镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
2. Balance:n.(1)天平,秤:Weight it on the balance.在天平上称。
  (2)平衡,平稳:It's important for us to keep the balance of nature.保持生态平衡对我们来说是很重要的。
  (3)心境的平稳,心智健全:His wife‘s sudden death upset the balance of his mind他妻子突然去世,使他感到六神无主。
  (4) (C)（商业）差额:balance of trade贸易差额
V.(1)与(某对比事物)等价;抵消:This year's profits will balance our previous losses.本年度的盈利将与上一年度的亏损相抵。
    (2)权衡,斟酌,对比,比较:balance the agonies (苦恼, 极大的痛苦)
of long term separation against the advantages of continuity连续性, 连贯性of education对长期分居的痛苦和继续求学的好处两者进行权衡
  (3)(使)平衡,(使)均衡:He balanced precariously on the narrow window-ledge．他在狭窄的窗台上很难保持平衡。
短语:keep one‘s balance 保持身体平衡;镇定lose one‘s balance身体失去平衡,摔倒;慌乱
strike a balance结账;衡量得失,做出结论tremble in the balance处于紧要关头,吉凶未决in the balance悬而未决
扩展:balanced:a.(通常做定语)平衡的,稳定的,和谐的,有条不紊的;balancer:n.权衡者,平衡物;走钢丝演员;balanceable:a.可秤的，可使平衡的
3. severe:a. (1)严重的,苛刻的,剧烈的:
Many people felt that the judge had been rather severe on the prisoner.许多人觉得法官对犯人量刑过重。
  (2)严厉的,严肃的:Most of our family discipline is severe.我们的家规很严。
 (3)严峻的,艰难的:a severe test严峻的考验
 (4)纯洁的,纯净的,简洁的:the severe heart纯洁的心灵
Synonyms:violent/fierce  Antonyms:mild/lenient注意:sever:v.切断
比较:severe, strict, harsh,stern:
⑴severe:严格的,严厉的,强调严厉得近乎苛刻、毫无温存、同情的行为;可用来形容人及人的容貌、态度、动作、文章风格、社会现象以及天气等，也可形容法律、惩罚。在表示“严格”的意义时可与strict换用。例如:Don‘t be severe with Brian; he is only a little child.不要对布赖恩太严格,他还是个孩子。Was the judge too severe on the thief?这个法官对小偷是不是太严厉了？I would appreciate the severe criticism of what I have written.我非常感激对我写的东西提出的严厉批评。I think you are too severe upon your students.
  我认为你对学生太严厉了。
⑵strict:严格的,强调要求完全服从或绝对遵守;是指按一种客观标准来衡量;着重于规则或行为;可作表语,例如:Our teacher is strict;we have to do what she says．我们的老师很严格，我们不得不按她说的去做。
    There is strict regulation against smoking in the meeting hall.有严格规定，禁止在会议厅吸烟。She's very strict with her children．她待子女很严。
    ⑶harsh:刺耳的;苛刻的,强调行为、决定苛刻，近乎残酷。a harsh voice刺耳的声音 a harsh punishment严厉的惩罚
 ⑷stern是指难以忍受的“严格”,甚至是“苛刻的”,“严酷的”,一般用于修饰监工、教师、父母亲等人的严肃的面容、态度或对犯法者的严厉（打击）等。强调绝没有或决不表现出温柔,也不因流泪或哀求而退让。例如：Police are planning sterner measures to combat crime.警方正在制订更严厉的措施来打击犯罪活动。He is a stern taskmaster。他是一位严厉的监工。The coach is stern when boys break training.孩子们不遵从训练时，教练非常严厉。
4. coordinate:vt.使协调
If we coordinate our efforts, we should be able to defeat the enemy.如果我们协调努力,就能击败敌人。
a. (1)同等的;同格的:coordinate clauses in a sentence句中的对等句子
This officer is coordinate in rank with that．这两个军官官衔相同。
    (2)坐标的:coordinate curves坐标曲线
扩展:coordination:n.同等;调和,协调coordinative:a.同等的;同格的coordinator:n.同等之人或物;协调者
引申:superior:上级;inferior:下级
构词:co-为前缀,表示“一起,共同,相互”＋ordin(顺序)＋ate(使…) →使…顺序一致→协调
类似的词还有:cooperate(with sb. In doing sth.)合作 (co-共同＋oper工作＋ate做→一起工作→合作,协作)coexist :v.共存      coheir:n.共同继承人coauthor n.共同作者； collaborate:v.合作(col-共同+labor 做+-ate 动词后缀)
5.halt:vi.停止行进,停止,使终止:
The project halted for lack of funds.那项工程因缺乏资金而下马了。
             vt.使停止前进:No one can halt the advance of history.谁也无法阻挡历史的前进。
          n.(1)中途休息,中止,停止:The bus came to a halt at the bottom of the hill.汽车在山脚下停了下来。
              (2)小火车站,小汽车站:a country halt乡间小车站
短语:bring sb./sth. to a halt (bring a halt to sb./sth.）使停止（前进），终止，制止
 call a halt（to sth./ sb.)（命令）停止,停止前进 come to a halt停止grind to a halt完全停止,慢慢停 了下来
扩展:halting:a.迟疑不决的,犹豫的,结结巴巴的,跛的,蹒跚的；halter:n.跛行者，踌躇者
Synonyms:cease, end, stop                            Antonyms:continue, march, start
比较:⑴stop是最泛指、最不正式的一个词,同时也是使用得最普遍的词;她不强调停止的方式。例如:At five to twelve,the clock stopped.The old man's heart stopped beating.老人的心脏停止了跳动。We stopped to have lunch at a village inn.我们停下来在乡村客栈吃午饭。
⑵cease比stop更为正式,表示彻底停止,有时可能暗示动作的突然性       例如: As suddenly as it began, the rain ceased.雨下得突然，停得也突然。 That department has ceased to exist．那个部门已经不复存在。The factory has ceased making bicycles.该厂已经停止生产自行车了。This regulation will cease to have effect from the end of the mond从月底开始，这个规定将停止生效。Cease fire！停火！
6.impatient:a.(1)不耐烦的,急躁的:When one is ill, he is likely to be impatient.一个人生了病,往往就会烦躁不安。(2)急躁的,焦急的(接with):Don't be impatient with children不要对孩子们急躁。
(3)难忍的,不能忍受的(接of):She is impatient of reproof.她不能忍受被人责难。
(4)急于…的(接for):He is impatient for the result of his examination.他急于要知道考试的结果。
短语:to be impatient with sb. / sth.对…不耐烦 to be impatient to do sth.急于做某事to be impatient of sth.无法容忍某事                     扩展:impatiently:ad.焦急的,不耐烦地impatience:n.不能容忍,不耐烦
Synonyms:hasty匆忙的,草率的,restless 不平静的, 不安宁的                        Antonym:patient
构词:⑴im-前缀表示“不、非”+ patient耐心的             类似的词还有:imbalance:n.失衡;不均衡
immature:a.不成熟的,发育未完全的；immeasurable:a.不可计量的，无限的     ⑵形近词:patent:n.专利
7.pace:n.(1)步态,步幅,步测:Soft pace goes far.脚步轻盈,走得远(宁静而致远)
(2)走或跑的速度,(生长、进展等的)速度,速率;节奏:Life pace is much quicker than before.现在生活节奏比过去快了很多。
 vt.缓慢而行,步测,为…定步速(或速度):I paced myself not to get too close to him．我控制好步速,使自己不和他靠的太近。The teacher paces his teaching to his students‘ abilities．老师根据学生的水平调整教学进度。   短语:go through one's pace显示自己的本领 keep pace（with)(与…)齐头并进,(与…)并驾齐驱 set the pace测定步速;树立榜样try sb. 's pace试试某人的本领at the pace of…=at the speed / rate of…以……的速度                       扩展:pacer:n.领驶车;步测者, 溜蹄的马
Synonyms:step, walk, rapidity, rhythm   形近词:place:n.地点;palace:n.宫殿;lace:n.带子;race:n.种族,赛跑
扩展:at tremendous speed = at fantastic speed = at enormous speed=at very high speed速度非常快的;
注意:形容速度要用介词“at”at high(速度之快)/low(速度之慢)/top(全速)/full (全速)speed.
比较:rate和speed
①rate表示“比率,率”、“价格”和“速度、速率”等。在表示“速度”时和speed可以互换;在其他含义下则不能和speed互换:翻译:火车正以100公里的时速运行。(at the rate/speed of)
但是:birth rate出生率   death rate死亡率    marriage rate:结婚率    divorce rate离婚率
tremendous经常用来形容程度之高、之大、之快           Examples:tremendous speed/amount很大的数目/pressure非常大的压力/achievement很高的成就
扩展:here and there到处to and from来来往往up and down到处,来回roll from side to side左右摇晃neck to neck并驾齐驱side by side肩并肩地，一起：一人挨着一人地；靠在一起地hand in hand手拉手shoulder by shoulder肩并肩
8. adjust:vt.&vi. (1)校正,校准:The meters are being adjusted in the lab(laboratory).仪表正在实验室里进行调试。                   (2)使适应（接to) :He soon adjusted to his new way of life．他很快适应了新的生活方式。
短语:adjust oneself (sth. ) to使适应……
扩展:adjusted:a.已适应的;adjuster:n.调整员,调解人,保险公司调解员;adjustment:n.调节,调解
Synonyms:alter,vary, arrange, modify                           Antonyms:misfit, unfit
比较:accommodate, adapt, adjust
⑴accommodate强调两个有关事物间相差太大，故只有使其中一个依附于另一个才能相适应，如：I have to accommodate my desires to my income．我必须以我的收人来限制自己的欲望。⑵adapt强调只要将某人或某物作些细小的修改或变动就能使自己适应新的环境，往往含有“其自身具有良好的适应性或十分愿意这样做”的意思，如：I adapted the pattern to the material．我将图案修改使它与材料相适应。
 ⑶ adjust指不进行任何变动，只进行调整就能适应新的条件，强调一个事物必须同另一事物相匹配，如：Astronauts in flight must adjust to weightlessness．宇航员在飞行中一定要适应失重。
9.despite:prep.(正式)不管,不顾,尽管:He persisted in his conduct, despite repeated warnings.他不顾别人的一再警告,仍然一意孤行。短语:die of despite抱恨而死，冤死
扩展:despiteful = spiteful:a.怀恨的,怨恨深的,有恶意的;despise:v.鄙视，瞧不起
比较:replace, instead ot, instead, in place of, substitute, take the place of"表示“代替”
(1)replace:vt.指接替某人或已毁坏、陈旧的东西。replace的宾语是被接替的对象，常与介词by或with连用,引出接替者。例如：They replaced trams by (with) buses．他们用公共汽车代替了电车。
另外,replace还有“放回（原处），送还”的意思。例如：He has replaced the borrowed money．他已归还了借款。 replace (vt.经常和with/by连用,replace A by /with B) :take the place of
翻译:纸和笔正在被计算机所替代。(be replaced by)
工厂用机器人来替代它的大多数工人。(一般过去时/replace...with robots)
(2)instead of表示“代替”,和in place of可以换用,后面应接名词或代词。例如:Will you go to the party instead of me, so that our host won't be too offended．你替我去参加宴会好吗？免得主人太生气。另外,instead of还可表示“而不（是）”,这时不可由in place of替换,其后不但可以接名词、代词，还可接介词短语、动名词等。instead of这时带有明显的否定意义。例如：Instead of improving the patient is getting worse．病人的病情不但没有好转，反而更趋恶化。
(3)instead:adv.“代替，顶替”,instead单独使用，是一个副词，常用在句末。例如:The watt is a small unit of power so that we use the kilowatt instead．瓦特是功率小的单位，所以我们用千瓦代之。
(4)in place of表示“代替”，常可用instead of替换，但in place of强调以某物代另一物，而instead of侧重用某物，而不用另一物，并对另一物有否定的意味。例如：The vice-president talked at the meeting in place of  the president because the president was sick.副总统代替总统在会上发了言，因为总统病了。
(5)substitute表示“代替，用……代替”，常用结构有：substitute A for B（或substitute Bby A, substitute B with A)“用A代B"。例如：we substitute red balls for white ones.我们用红球代替白球。另外，substitute还可用作不及物动词，表示“作代替者，替代”，其后和for搭配。例如：He substituted for the typist during her absence．打字员不在时由他代替。
(6)take the place of表示“代替”，这里可用replace替换。例如：Nylon has taken the place of (replaced) cotton in making some textiles．在某些纺织品中尼龙已经代替了棉花。
注意:instead是一个副词,常放在句子末尾;instead of, in placeof 都是复合介词,作“代替”讲时两者可以互换,但是instead of还可以表示“......而不是......”;replace 可以和take the place of互换,但是replace 用法较多,常用结构有:replace A by (with)B:B代替A“ ; substitute常与for搭配使用,其宾语是接替者,for引出被接替对象。
注意:replacement n.替代,替换;替代者,替代物
Too的用法(1)too＋adj./adv.＋to do表示“太…已致于不能干…”:A:不定式的主语就是本句的主语:You are too young to understand＝You are so young that you cannot understand.(to understand的逻辑主语也是you)你太年轻了,还不懂呢。
B:句子的主语也可以是动词不定式的宾语,表示被动意义,不定式虽然在形式上是主动的,但在意义上是被动的,所以it必须省去:The plate was too hot to touch.＝ The plate was so hot that we couldn’t touch it.盘子太烫,没法摸。
注意:有时不定式也可以是被动的,但不常用,应尽量避免,如:This parcel is too heavy to send/to be sent by post.这个包裹太重,无法邮寄。
C:too＋adj./adv.＋for sb. to do表示“太…以致某人不能干”:The case was too heavy for a child to carry.= The case was so heavy that a child could not carry it.
D:too+adj.+a/an+n.+to do:He was too shrewd精明的a businessman to accept the first offer.他是个非常精明的商人,不会接受第一次出价的。
10.amaze:vt.使惊愕,使大为吃惊:He amazed everyone by passing his driving test．令人大为吃惊的是他竟然通过了驾驶考试。扩展:amazement:n.惊奇,诧异,惊异;amazing: a.令人诧异的;amazingly:ad.令人惊异地
Synonym:astound
比较:surprise, amaze, astonish, astound, startle, stun这些动词均含“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”之意。Surprise:普通用词，多指由于出乎意料而感到惊讶或惊喜, 指一种出乎意料之外的事突然而来，使人觉得很奇怪。Amaze:语气较强(比astonish的惊讶程度更强烈，到了使人困惑不解的程度)，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解;指对意外的事不仅感到吃惊,而且含有“佩服，赞赏”之意。Astonish:语气较强(greatly surprise) ,指“突然发生了太不平凡的事,使人震惊到几乎无法相信”。Astound:语气强(在程度上比astonish和amaze还要强烈，是极度地惊讶、鄂然)，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。Startle:指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊;一般表示‘把人吓一跳’Stun:语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措
例如:I was surprised they were reading a novel like that.他们读这样一本书,我很奇怪。
He astonished many people by failing in college work after getting high grades in high school.他在中学时品学兼优,而在大学读书成绩却不及格,这使许多人大为吃惊。He stood there, stunned with tears in his eyes.他眼里含着泪水,目瞪口呆地站在那里。
11. Stress:n.(1)压力,紧张,造成紧张的因素:
Not all of us can cope with the stresses of modern life.我们中并非所有的人都能够应付现代生活的紧张节奏。(2)着重,强调,重要性:They lay great stress on diligence.他们特别强调勤奋。
(3)重音,重读:a stress mark重音符号
V.(1)着重;强调:He stressed the point that we should be punctual.他强调了我们准时的重要性。
 (2)重读:Stress the second syllable of the word！这个词的第2个音节要重读！
例如:We forgave his bad temper because we knew that his son's illness had put him under great______.
A. excitement    B. stress    C. crisis             D. nervousness
短语:lay (place/put )stress on (upon）着重于，把重点放在……上 in times of stress在紧张（繁忙，困难）的时候 under stress of=driven by stress of被逼迫着,在强迫之下;由于,因为
Synonyms:pressure, tension, emphasis, accent
11.complain:v.抱怨:He complained to me about (of) the food.他向我抱怨食物太差。
He complained of being underpaid他抱怨报酬太低。She complained that the exam was too hard.她抱怨这次考试太难了。
扩展:complaint:n.不满,抱怨,牢骚,投诉,疾病;complainant:n.诉苦者,抱怨者;控诉者,原告
Synonyms:grumble, murmur                       Antonyms:compliment
构词: (1)com-加强语气＋plain(平常的)---不要抱怨生活的平淡
          (2)形近词:explain:v.解释,说明;plain:a.普通的，简单的     n.平原，草原
12.envy:n.嫉妒,羡慕:They say scandalous things about you out of envy.他们是由于嫉妒才这样诽谤你的。The medal glistening on his breast is an object of envy to us all.他胸前闪耀的奖章让我们大家都很羡慕。
                 vt.羡慕, 嫉妒:He envies my success．他羡慕我的成功。
短语:be in envy of羡慕…out of envy出子羡慕（嫉妒）the envy of（someone）羡慕（嫉妒）的对象a lover's envy吃醋
扩展:enviable:a.引起嫉妒的,值得羡慕的；enviably:ad.嫉妒地,羡慕地, 渴望得到地
Synonym:jealousy:n./jealous:a.(be ~ of sth.)
13. engage:vt.(1)使从事于,使忙于:The child's attention was completely engaged by the new toy.那个孩子的注意力完全被新玩具吸引住了。
  (2)占用（时间）:Just then my time was fully engaged with that work.刚好那时候我的时间都被那项工作占用了。
  (3)雇佣，聘用：I engaged a young girl as a temporary secretary.我雇了一位年轻的女孩当临时秘书。
 vi.从事于，参加（接用in) : After graduating from college, he engaged in business．大学毕业后他从商了。
They were ready to engage in the contest．他们准备参加考试。
短语:be engaged in / engage oneself in正忙着做…，正忙于… be engaged to／engage oneself to与……订婚
 engage for:应承，保证；约定
扩展:engagement:n.约会，婚姻，义务；engaging:a.动人的, 有魅力的, 迷人的
15.与urge有关的短语还有：
urge sb. to do sth. /into doing sth.敦促（怂恿）某人做某事urge on/upon sb．力劝某人
urge on驱使，敦促去干……urge against极力反对urge sb. to (a task)催促某人去完成（一项任务）
an urge to do做某事的冲动
16. 比较:worth, worthy, worthwhile
(1)worth:prep./n./adj.后接名词、动名词或代词，后面的
动名词不能再有宾语，如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.它们虽然昂贵，但却物有所值。
(2)worthy:值得的，有价值的，配得上的
（可作定语，也可作表语，与介词和不定式连用），如：It‘s a worthier thing to deserve honour than to possess it．应该受誉的事物比拥有荣誉更有价值。
(3)worthwhile:a.值得的，值得花时间、金钱、或精力的：如：It is worthwhile taking the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.给新雇员详细解释一下工作要求，费点事也是值得的。