人物中英文名字对照

Pip 皮普 又名 Handel 汉德尔 教名菲利普(Philip)
Abel Magwitch 阿伯尔.马格韦契
Mrs Joe Gargery 乔 .葛吉瑞夫人(皮普的姐姐)
Joe Gargery 乔.葛吉瑞
Vompeyson 康培生
Biddy 毕蒂
Miss Havisham 郝薇香小姐
Estella 艾丝黛拉(被郝小姐收养)
Herbert Pocket 郝伯特.朴凯特
Orlick 奥立克
Mr Jaggers 贾格斯先生
Mr Wemmick 文米克先生
   故事梗概

One of Dickens’s shorter novels and also one of his most influential is Great Expectations. It appeared initially in serial form in All The Year Round between 1860 and 1861 and is now considered to be one of his finest novels. It concerns the young boy Philip Pirrip (known as Pip and his development through life after an early meeting with the escaped convict Abel Magwitch, who he treats kindly despite his fear. His unpleasant sister and her humorous and friendly blacksmith husband, Joe, bring him up. Crucial to his development as an individual is his introduction to Miss Havisham (one of Dickens’s most brilliant portraits), a now aging woman who has given up on life after being jilted at the altar. Cruelly, Havisham has brought up her daughter Estella to revenge her own pain and so as Pip falls in love with her she is made to torture him in romance. Aspiring to be a gentleman despite his humble beginnings, Pip seems to achieve the impossible by receiving a fund of wealth from an unknown source and being sent to London with the lawyer Jaggers. He is employed but eventually loses everything and Estella marries another. His benefactor turns out to have been Magwitch and his future existence is based upon outgrowing the great expectations and returning to Joe and honest laout. Eventually he is reunited with Estella.

写作背景

在小说《远大前程》中，狄更斯所描写的是工业革命以后维多利亚时期英国的阶级状况： 尽管从政治上、经济上统治和控制着广大人民的是封建地主阶级、军阀、或者资产阶级、金融巨头，但是在文学作家、艺术家之中，有不少人力图站在被压迫人们的一边来反映社会生活：他们对专横顽固的剥削阶级怀着强烈的憎恶和蔑视；而对众多的受迫害者却是满怀同情。狄更斯正是这样的作家。在他的笔下，从最可怜的罪犯马格韦契到贫穷的农民乔和毕蒂，从中产阶级潘博瞿克到富有的郝薇香小姐。社会阶级是贯穿于整部小说的线索之一，并最终上升到小说的道德主题——匹普最终意识到财富和社会地位远不如爱、忠诚和人的内在价值的重要。

作者介绍

生平：Charles Dickens(1812一1870) was born in England in 1812 and had a difficult childhood, his family being always short of money. In fact his father spent some time in a prison.

It is clear that his unhappy childhood affected his writing in later life and many of his books deal with the injustices upon children such as Great Expectations, Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. Dickens works became very popular during his lifetime mainly because his characterization captured the hearts and minds of the reading public, and also because they were affordable in that they were published in the form of serials.

His books are full of colorful characters and intriguing plots and was read over and over again giving lasting entertainment.

Great Expectations was written in 1860 and together with David Copperfield, it could be described as his autobiographical work. The novel was written during a traumatic time for Dickens who was divorcing his wife and also had a disagreement with his publishers. It was not received well by literary critics, but the public loved it in general, who considered it to be his best work to date. It also came at a time when his financial situation was precarious, and he derived a considerable income from its publication.

Great Expectations depicts early Victorian life in England during the time of the Industrial Revolution where the social structure was experiencing great upheaval. It was a time when the rich were very rich and the poor led a life near to slavery. The novel provides an insight into both country life and city life where the only advantages that the poor have in the countryside is a clean environment.

Dickens died on 9^th June 1870 at the age of 58. He was buried in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey and remains one of England’s most popular authors and is read throughout the world in many languages.

创作 ：一生共创作长篇小说13部半，其中多数是近百万言的大部头作品，中篇小说20余部，短篇小说数百篇，特写集一部，长篇游记两部，《儿童英国史》一部，以及大量演说词  、书信 、散文、杂诗。他多次去欧洲大陆游历、旅居，两次访问美国 ，中年以后先后创办《家常话》和《一年四季》期刊两种，发现和培养了一批文学新人。
    狄更斯生活和创作的时间，正是19世纪中叶维多利亚女王时代前期。狄更斯毕生的活动和创作，始终与时代潮流同步。他主要以写实笔法揭露社会上层和资产阶级的虚伪、贪婪、卑琐、凶残，满怀激愤和深切的同情展示下层社会，特别是妇女、儿童和老人的悲惨处境，并以严肃、审慎的态度描写开始觉醒的劳苦大众的抗争。与此同时，他还以理想主义和浪漫主义的豪情讴歌人性中的真、善、美，憧憬更合理的社会和更美好的人生。
影响 ： 狄更斯以其小说创作篇幅宏大，气势磅礴，内容包罗万象，风格雅俗共赏、丰富多彩，生前即已饮誉国内外，是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他的作品以及根据这些作品演化而成的各种通俗、儿童读物和娱乐节目在世界范围内流传更广。在中国，早在20世纪初林纾等人就翻译过狄更斯的小说，许多优秀名作都有了中文译本。

人物性格分析

Pip is the protagonist and narrator of Great Expectations. When the story commences he is aged seven, orphaned and being raised by his sister and brother-in-law in the marshes of Kent. He makes the transition from apprentice blacksmith to young gentleman and his character suffers serious changes during this period. He is determined to improve himself in order to win the hand of Estella.

《远大前程》是关于匹普的故事。匹普经历和性格变化是小说的主题线索。通过匹普从一个天真的孩子堕落成高傲势利的绅士，又从忏悔堕落到重新做人，狄更斯企图说明不切实际的妄想会导致不良的品行。在小说的开头，匹普被描写成一个单纯、乐于助人孩子。虽然他没有父母，除了姐夫以外，周围的人平时不是对他耳提面命，就是把他责骂殴打，他根本得不到什么温暖。但他满足于自己极为普通的生活，并获得了读者的极大同情。不幸的是，当他第一次到访萨提斯庄园时，自认为受过良好的教育、儒雅高贵的艾丝黛拉十分鄙视匹普，不屑于与他这样的乡里人交往。但匹普对艾丝黛拉一见钟情。仅仅在萨提斯庄园呆了一个下午，匹普就萌生欲望，要成为艾丝黛拉能够接受的人，从而改变艾丝黛拉对自己的冷酷态度。结果，当他一回到铁匠铺，匹普就开始为他现实的生活和社会地位感到羞耻，因为匹普相信正是这些因素将会葬送艾丝黛拉爱上自己的任何希望。例如文中：I thought those were high and great emotions. But I never thought there was anything low and small in my keeping away from Joe, because I knew she would be contemptuous of him. It was but a day gone, and Joe had brought the tears into my eyes; they had soon dried, God forgive me! soon dried.自此开始，皮普的优良的品质便被一些不切实际的妄想和期待所取代。
    后来，当律师贾格斯告知匹普“远大前程”将降临在他身上时，匹普开始相信郝薇香小姐想要把艾丝黛拉嫁给自己的。于是，匹普开始极度自我膨胀，像文中：“That was a memorable day to me, for it made great changes in me. But, it is the same with any life. Imagine one selected day struck out of it, and think how different its course would have been. Pause you who read this, and think for a moment of the long chain of iron or gold, of thorns or flowers, that would never have bound you, but for the formation of the first link on one memorable day.”从而傲慢自大，开始瞧不起那些忠诚、善良但普通的朋友，并且决心鄙弃他过去的生活。有一次，匹普收到乔的来信，说乔要来伦敦看他。匹普得到这一消息却一点也高兴不起来。此外，匹普过分专注于赢得艾丝黛拉的芳心，以至于他三天两头拜访郝薇香，可却从来没去邻近的铁匠铺看过。由于那些不切实际的妄想，皮普对人生的看法已跟过去大不相同，并因此生出许多负面的态度和品行。但是当匹普得知幕后的资助者是马格韦契，而不是郝薇香的时候，他的梦想破灭了。

尽管如此，经历了漫长心理斗争，他本性中善良纯朴的一面又开始克服那些逐渐形成的种种不良品行。并且匹普没有因为郝薇香小姐对自己的生活造成巨大不幸而怨恨她。相反，当郝薇香小姐提出要给匹普一笔钱作为补偿时，匹普拒绝了，并提出希望郝薇香小姐资助赫伯特的生意。后来，当匹普再次看望郝薇香小姐的时，发现她坐得离火炉太近，身穿的那件旧婚纱已经着火了，他便冒着生命危险去救郝薇香。对于罪犯马格韦契，当一切真相大白后，匹普当时的反应是震惊、怀疑，甚至厌恶。但是，匹普想方设法对马格韦契的经济资助予以报答。正如匹普救郝薇香小姐一样，他冒着极大的危险，克服了种种不便去帮助马格韦契。虽然他最终没能和马格韦契一起逃离英国，而且马格韦契死后他得不到任何财产，但他对马格韦契的关心和帮助并未因此动摇。如文中的一处描写：“For now, my repugnance to him had all melted away, and in the hunted wounded shackled creature who held my hand in his, I only saw a man who had meant to be my benefactor, and who had felt affectionately, gratefully, and generously, towards me with great constancy through a series of years. I only saw in him a much better man than I had been to Joe.”每天匹普都去看望马格韦契，并尽力给予安慰。由于匹普的关心，马格韦契最后的日子过得平静而安详。随着匹普对马格韦契的态度逐渐缓和，他对自己以往低微的生活也不再觉得羞愧。在马格韦契死后，匹普也大病了一场。

康复后，他得知乔在自己重病期间专程来伦敦照顾他。在看护期间，乔在匹普面前仍然显得十分拘谨，就像多年前乔来伦敦看望他时的情形一样。而在乔的面前，匹普开始感觉到自己好像从来就没有离开过铁匠铺。当乔悄然离开伦敦回去以后，匹普在刚刚能够走动时也回到了乡下。在乔的铁匠铺，匹普不再感到羞愧，态度不再傲慢。在这熟悉的环境里，他感到十分满足、愉快。

小说结尾，匹普的命运是愉快的。虽然为了追求不切实际的所谓远大前程，匹普曾由一个单纯善良的小孩变成了高傲无情的“有钱人”。但是，当所有这些不现实的梦想与期待落空以后，匹普的不良品行也得到了克服，重新成为一个善良的好人。

Estella is the young adopted daughter of Miss Havisham, who has been brought up to break men’s hearts. She becomes Pip’s unattainable dream throughout the novel. She is both beautiful and haughty, and delights in taunting Pip.

艾丝黛拉是全书最为突出的角色，她一出场就使人眼睛一亮，美丽与孤傲是属于她的。郝薇香小姐在她三岁的时候将其收养，为了报复自己不公正的命运，把她变成这残酷世界的牺牲品。艾丝黛拉冷酷，愤世嫉俗，并且控制欲极强。虽然艾丝黛拉是匹普遇见的第一个上层社会的理想女子，实际上艾丝黛拉的真实出身比匹普还要低下。快到小说的结尾处，匹普才知道艾丝黛拉其实是粗鄙的罪犯马格韦契的亲生女儿，出身于社会的最底层。但具有讽刺意味的是上流社会的生活并没有拯救艾丝黛拉，相反，她两次成为收养她的上流社会的牺牲品：她没有在品德高尚的马格韦契身边长大，却被郝薇香小姐抚养成人，摧毁了她表达内心情感的能力，使她无法正常地与别人交流;艾丝黛拉没能嫁给善良的“普通人”匹普，却嫁给了一位凶残的贵族。尽管如此，她依然是一个值得同情的角色。为寻找自己真正的情感，艾丝黛拉常常在内心进行斗争，并按照自己的情感而不是郝薇香小姐强加给她的动机去行事。她俩的那一番针锋相对的对白更将她的这一形象刻画得淋漓尽至。“郝薇香小姐一面用双手撩开散乱的白发，一面呻唤道：‘太傲慢了，太傲慢了！艾斯黛拉答道：’是谁教我傲慢的？我把这一课学到家的时候又是谁夸奖我的？’郝薇香小姐又呻呼道‘真狠心，真狠心！’艾斯黛拉道：‘是谁教我狠心的？当我把这一课学到了家后，又是谁夸奖我的？’”通过这些描写，狄更斯让读者看到了艾丝黛拉的内心世界，从而解释了为什么匹普会如此爱她。艾丝黛拉似乎无法控制自己去伤害匹普，但却又仿佛不愿意伤害他。她反复警告匹普自己没有“良心”，并催促匹普抛开她去寻找自己的幸福。和匹普一样，艾丝黛拉经过漫长、痛苦的婚姻经历终于懂得了人应该相信自己的内心感情。在小说的结尾部分，艾丝黛拉第一次变成了一个属于她自己的女人。

Joe Gargery is Pip’s brother-in-law and village blacksmith and is the only adult character to show any affection towards Pip. He is more than a stepfather to Pip, but is a great friend throughout the story, despite Pip’s bad treatment towards him, when he has become a snob.

狄更斯在《远大前程》里，不仅满怀同情地刻划了匹普和艾丝黛拉等人物，而且还以同样的心情刻划了匹普的姐夫——乔·葛吉瑞。这是一个普通善良的铁匠形象，一个心地温和、富于自我牺牲精神的工人。他让人感到真诚与亲切，好像我们周围就有那样一双温和的眼睛。他跟匹普的姐姐结婚时．就要她把匹普这个可怜的娃娃也带过去。他曾经亲口对匹普说；“我们永远是最好的好朋友”。情形的确是这样，尽管匹普到伦敦去接受“上等人”教育，受到伦敦生活的熏陶，疏远了家乡，疏远了他，但是乔对匹普依然表示了深切的关怀。他告诉匹普说：“你和我在伦敦坐不到一块儿……除非到了家里，大家就成了自己人，彼此都了解。”这说明匹普到伦敦去做“上等人”，乔是不十分赞成的，如文中所写：“’Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, and one's a goldsmith, and one's a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come, and must be met as they come. If there's been any fault at all to-day, it's mine. You and me is not two figures to be together in London; nor yet anywheres else but what is private, and beknown, and understood among friends. It ain't that I am proud, but that I want to be right, as you shall never see me no more in these clothes. I'm wrong in these clothes. I'm wrong out of the forge, the kitchen, or off th' meshes. You won't find half so much fault in me if you think of me in my forge dress, with my hammer in my hand, or even my pipe. You won't find half so much fault in me if, supposing as you should ever wish to see me, you come and put your head in at the forge window and see Joe the blacksmith, there, at the old anvil, in the old burnt apron, sticking to the old work. I'm awful dull, but I hope I've beat out something nigh the rights of this at last. And so GOD bless you, dear old Pip, old chap, GOD bless you!’”后来，匹普继承遗产的希望完全破灭，又生了一场大病，在这最危难的时候，又是乔，不但在精神上给匹普以莫大的支持，而且悄悄地帮助匹普还清所欠的债款。我觉得他是全书最可爱的人物，他一如既往地爱着匹普，不管匹普是顺境还是逆境，都给他无微不至的关怀，比上层社会中那些“上等人”高贵得多。

Miss Havisham is an eccentric wealthy old woman who lives in a manor house near Pip’s village. All the clocks in her home are stopped at the time when she was jilted and she is still dressed in her faded wedding dress. She has raised Estella to be the instrument of her revenge, training her to break men’s hearts.

这部小说中还有一位给读者留下深刻印象的人物——郝薇香小姐。郝薇香小姐的一生都活在成婚那天被抛弃的悲剧事件中。从那一刻起，她变得复仇心重，近乎疯狂。所住宅原理的一切都保持着多年以前的样子：房子里所有的时钟都停在九点二十分，甚至她自己天天穿着那件破旧的婚礼服，鞋子也只穿一只。除此以外，郝薇香小姐狂躁、残酷，她收养艾丝黛拉的目的就是要用她来报复所有的男人。针对这点，文中有这样的描述：

“`Hear me, Pip! I adopted her to be loved. I bred her and educated her, to be loved. I developed her into what she is, that she might be loved. Love her!'

She said the word often enough, and there could be no doubt that she meant to say it; but if the often repeated word had been hate instead of love - despair - revenge - dire death - it could not have sounded from her lips more like a curse.

I'll tell you,' said she, in the same hurried passionate whisper, `what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving up your whole heart and soul to the smiter - as I did!'”

由于她刻意报复，与她有关的人都承受了巨大的痛苦，甚至包括她自己也始终走不出那颗破碎的心，可她全然不知。小说结束时，当郝薇香小姐明白她以残忍的方式打碎了匹普的心，并且意识到这不仅不能实现个人的复仇，恰恰相反，却造成了更大的痛苦。最后，她变得善良了，这里有皮普感化的原因。更重要的是强调了人性的善良，通过忏悔，灵魂可以得到救赎。

Magwitch, as a young man, is what Joe would have been if Joe had been ruled by his passions and reacted to life instead of taking responsibility for his choices. Magwitch is another father figure for Pip, showing both what happens with bad choices and how you can rise above them. During his rough childhood, he kept reacting to life, getting into ever worsening criminal activities. Yet removed from England and placed in a new environment where he is given the chance to become what he was always capable of, he rises to the occasion. The hidden good has a chance to come out. He remembers the generosity of a small boy, feeling the bond of powerlessness and victimization they both shared as convict and child. He recommits his life, this time a conscious choice, to do good. He works hard, so that Pip can live easy.

His flaw is in wanting to return to see and show off his creation. His generosity is great, but it is not perfect and not done just for Pip’s benefit. Magwitch wants revenge on society and uses Pip to do it. He wants to create a wonderful gentleman to show society they were wrong about him. He wants to feel proud of what he created. This is his downfall because to return and glory in this is to risk his life. However, he is a true man and accepts that risk knowingly, never playing the victim. He wants to see Pip, will pay with his life if he has to, and is at peace with that. He loves Pip with a simple heart, and, having had a chance to return to the basic tenderness that was always within him, dies with dignity and peace.文章中有这样的细节描写：“他太虚弱以致不能说话，但是，他使出最后一点微弱之力，把我的手拉到他的唇边，他的眼睛慢慢地闭上了，他的头静静地垂在他的胸前。”

对于赫伯特，文中有这样的叙述：“Herbert Pocket had a frank and easy way with him that was very taking. I had never seen any one then, and I have never seen any one since, who more strongly expressed to me, in every look and tone, a natural incapacity to do anything secret and mean. There was something wonderfully hopeful about his general air, and something that at the same time whispered to me he would never be very successful or rich. I don't know how this was. I became imbued with the notion on that first occasion before we sat down to dinner, but I cannot define by what means”

总之，《远大前程》是狄更斯的一部有深刻社会意义的小说，狄更斯所以把这部作品定名为《远大前程》(或者译《伟大的期望》)，这原是一句反话，在这里，所谓“伟大的期望”和“幻灭”原是一个同义语；它的艺术感染力是十分强烈的。尤其是，狄更斯善于用第一人称来叙述事件的由来和发展，更增强故事的真实感。这部小说在结构上也是十分严谨的。尽管登场人物不久但是这些为数不多的人物却都是互相关联的。这样就增加了小说内容上的丰富、复杂性。例如，匹普后来从逃犯马格韦契口里弄清楚，在结婚的一天把郝薇香抛弃的就是教唆马格韦契犯罪的康佩生，而康佩生又是同郝蔽香的弟弟阿瑟尔暗中勾结了来败骗郝薇香的；艾丝黛拉则是马格韦契的女儿。如此错综复杂的人物关系，显然使作品带有更多的戏剧性。可以说这是个关于贫穷与富有，上等与下等，善良与自私的故事。通过这个故事，狄更斯用他细腻的笔触活生生地刻划了主人公匹普，铁匠乔，艾斯黛拉，马格威奇等人，这些形形色色的人物组成了当时英国人际关系与社会形态的面面观，鲜明的人物个性对比使小说上升到了一个新的高度。