在中文里我们有太多太多的成语来形容美女, 如沉鱼落雁, 倾国倾城, 闭月羞花等等. (你能想像如何教一个不懂中文的老外这些成语吗? ) 英语中用来形容女孩子的字眼也不少, 但跟中文比起来就真的是小巫见大巫了, 不过还是有些用来形容女人的说法值得学一学.



1. Hey, look at the chick over there.



看看在那边的女孩.



Chick 这个字代表的就是女孩子, 各位不要跟 chic (时尚) 这个字给搞混了. Chick 这个字念起来就像是 chicken 前面的几个音, 所以蛮好认的. 一般而言 chick 和 girl 是可以交互使用的, 例如, 她是个十三岁的女孩, 就是 She is a thirteen-year-old chick.



2. She is gorgeous!



她真是漂亮.



要懂得适时地称赞女孩实在是每个男士必修的功课. 一句简单的 You are pretty! 或是 You are so beautiful 就可以让人家高兴上好半天. Gorgeous 和 pretty, beautiful 都是美丽的意思, 但是程度上可能要比 pretty 和 beautiful 还要再来的高一些. 所以下次再看到美女, 别忘了说一声, You are gorgeous! 说不定她就变成你的老婆了.



3. She is a babe.



她是个美女.



这句话是用来形容美女的喔. 要特别注意 babe 跟 baby 只有一字之差但却相差十万八千里. 你千万不要说成 Oh! I like the baby, 那么你很有可能被人家当成恋童癖.



4. She turns me on.



她让我眼睛为之一亮.



各位男生不知有没有这样的经验, 一位长发美女从你眼前走过, 你的目光便不自觉地投射在她身上, 全身的血液也开始跟著沸腾起来. 这要怎么用英文形容呢? 这就叫 She turns me on. 这好像是说, 她把你身上的电源都给打开了.



另外, turn-on 也可以当作名词用, 它用来表示任何令你觉得很不错的人, 事, 物. 另外你可以说 She is such a turn-on. 就是说她给我的感觉还蛮不错的.



5. I think she is a hottie.



她是个辣妹.



所谓的 hottie 就是指那种很辣的辣妹, 穿著打扮各方面可能都非常地时髦. 或是你也可以说, hot babe 或是 hot chick. 但有一点请注意, 也许你在国内对一个女孩子说, 你真是个辣妹啊! 她可能还会蛮高兴的, 但是在美国你不可以去跟女孩子说 You are a hottie. 那么你可能换回一巴掌.



另外有一个字眼跟 hottie 很像, 叫 hot tamale, 但是这个字一般而言比较少人在用. Hot tamale 原是一种墨西哥食物, 被引申成为辣妹的意思, 不过这个用法比 hottie 更强烈, hottie 单指好看或漂亮的人, 但 hot tamale 则又加上了一些不能自己控制自己, 有点疯狂的意思, 所以也不要乱用喔.



6. Do you know Jean? She is a cutie.



你认识 Jean 吗? 她好可爱喔!



看来中外皆然, 女孩子总是分为二种, 漂亮美艳型和活泼可爱型. 至于那种遵守交通规则型 (obeying the traffic rules 则不在本文讨论范围之内) 漂亮的女生叫 hottie, 相对的, 可爱的女生就叫 cutie. 或是你单讲, She is so cute! 也是不错的用法.



7. She is well-developed. 她很丰满.



刚才说的是以脸蛋来分的, 现在说的是以身材来分的. 看到身材很好的女生, 女生之间彼此会说 She is well-developed 或是 well-endowed.

Believe in yourself…

in the power you have

to control your own life

day by day.

Believe in the strength

that you have deep inside

and your faith will help

show you the way.

Believe in tomorrow

and what it will bring,

let a hopeful heart

carry you through

for things will work out

if you trust and believe

there’s no limit

to what you can do!

恋爱一族约会英语词汇

内容：美语中有些字眼在中文里面似乎找不到可代换的字, 其中感情方面的字好象就占了不少。也许有一天你会跟老外交往, 也或许你只是有兴趣认识这些字, 这个单元是恋爱一族不可不看的喔！ 1. have a crush on 迷恋某人 A: I'm having this huge crush on Ted. I'm going to try and see if I can ask him out this weekend. A：我最近好喜欢 Ted 喔! 我想看看能不能约他这个周末出来。 B: Well...But I heard that he is already seeing somebody. B：嗯……但是我听说他已经有了交往的对象了! 美国人关于交友的用词和我们有些不同。这里的“he is seeing somebody”有可能指他刚正开始和某人交往, 也可能指他和对方已经交往了一阵子。 还有一个美国人常用来形容他们的感情状况的字是“relationship”。到目前为止，我还不能找到一个很贴切的中文来代替它。不过，如果例句中的“...But I heard that he is already seeing somebody.”改成“...But I heard that he is already is a serious relationship with somebody.” 就惨了。因为那表示这个叫Ted 的男生不但是“死会了”，而且是“非常地死会”。 各位应该可以大致抓到它的意思吧。 2. play hard-to-get 欲擒故纵 A: So she stood you up last night. A：结果, 她昨晚放你鸽子啦? B: Well, I guess she's trying to play hard-to-get. B：嗯, 大概想跟我玩欲擒故纵的游戏吧! “stand someone up”是“放某人鸽子”的意思。 “play hard-to-get” 也可以说成“play tough-to-get”。 3. hook up 介绍、送作堆 A: Hey, how come you've never told me you have a cute sister... A：嘿! 你为什么从来没告诉我你有一个这么漂亮可爱的妹妹? B: What are you trying to say? B：你想说什么呢? A: Well, you can hook me up, maybe? A：嗯！也许你可帮我介绍一下? B: No way. B：休想! “How come?”是口语上经常被用来代替“why”的字, 是“为什么”的意思。但是“how come” 跟“why”的用法是不同的。用“how come”时, 句子的构造很接近中文。 如：How come you didn't call me last night?（你为什么昨晚没打电话给我呢？）。这句话如果换成用“why”就须要用一般的问句型式，而成“Why didn't you call me lastnight?”了。美国人对于亲属辈份关系的区分, 并不像我们那么清楚。这里的“sister”可能指“姊姊”, 也可能指“妹妹”。须要另外问才清楚。 “hook up”是“connection”的意思，相当于中文里的“介绍、认识”之类的词, 并不单指男女之间的认识。比如某人正在找份工作, 他的朋友刚好认识比尔盖兹(Bill Gates)。他就可以跟这位朋友说“Hey! Since you're a friend of Bill's, why don't you hook me up?” （嘿！既然你是比尔的朋友，帮我介绍一下吧！） 4. break up 分手 A: How are Bob and Pat doing? A：Bob 和 Pat 近来如何? B: They broke up last summer. B：他们去年夏天分开了。 “break up”是“关系中止”的意思，不限于男女之间的关系。“break-up”是分手的名词形。如：They had an ugly break-up.（他们很不愉快地分手了。） 5. date (男女间的)约会；约会对象 A: Dude, did you see that babe over there? I'm dating her. A：老兄!看见那边那个美女没有? 我正在跟她约会喔! B: Man, you're lucky. B：你真是运气好! “babe”是“令人垂涎”的美女或俊男。 “和某人约会”除了用“date”， 还可以用“romance”这个字。比如：Beck and Ada have been dating for years.可以说成：Beck and Ada have been romancing for years. 都是“Beck 跟 Ada 爱情长跑多年的意思”。注意名词“date” 和“appointment”不可混用。quot; appointment 是男女以外的约 会，如医生、工作面谈的约。万一你跟你的医生说：“I'd like to have a date withyou.” 他可能会眼睛、嘴巴都张得很大。 英语小常识----约会 When are you free? 您什么时候有空？ Are you free this Thursday afternoon? 您这个周四下午有空吗？ What time will you be in? 您什么时候在？ What time will you be able to see me? 您什么时候可以见我？ Would Wednesday morning be all right? 周三上午可以吗？ I'd like to make an appointment with Mr. Smith. 我想约见史密斯先生。 Shall I call for you or will you come for me? 我去找您还是您来找我？ I'll call and see you if you like. 如果您愿意我想拜访一下您。 I shall be free this afternoon. 我今天下午有空。 I shall be here at half past six. 我六点半在这儿。 I'll be very pleased to see you. 我将非常高兴见到您。 I'll be so glad if you can come. 如果您能来我将很高兴。 I'm not quite sure if I'm free. 我不肯定是否有空。 Monday would be better for me. 星期一会好一点。 Well, I'm engaged at that time. 哦，那时我有个约会。 I can't keep the appointment because I am sick. 因为生病所以我不能赴约。 　 相关词语： appointment约会 to make an appointment 订约会 to confirm an appointment 确定约会 to change an appointment 改约会 to keep an appointment 守约会 to have an appointment with sb. 与某人有个约会 to cancel an appointment 取消约会 to reschedule an appointment 重新安排约会 to postpone/put off an appointment 推迟约会 to call on 拜访 to be engaged 约会 engagement约会，约定

女性英语 Women's English

你真的听懂了对方在说什么吗？有些时候潜台词和字面的意思正相反…… Yes = No. No = Yes. Maybe = No. I'm sorry = You'll be sorry. We need = I want. It's your decision = The correct decision should be obvious by now. Do what you want = You'll pay for this later. We need to talk = I need to complain. Sure go ahead = I don't want you to. I'm not upset = Of course I'm upset, you moron! You're so manly = You need a shave and you sweat a lot. You're certainly attentive tonight = Is sex all you ever think about? Be romantic, turn out the lights = I have flabby thighs. This kitchen is so inconvenient = I want a new house. I want new curtains = and carpeting, and furniture, and wallpaper. Hang the picture there = NO, I mean hang it there! I heard a noise = I noticed you were almost asleep. Do you love me? = I'm going to ask for something expensive. How much do you love me? = I did something today you're really not going to like. I'll be ready in a minute = Kick off your shoes and find a good game on TV. Is my butt fat? = Tell me I'm beautiful. You have to learn to communicate = Just agree with me. Are you listening to me!? = Too late, you're dead. Was that the baby? = Why don't you get out of bed and walk him until he goes to sleep. I'm not yelling! = Yes I am yelling because I think this is important. The same old thing = Nothing. Nothing = Everything. Everything = My PMS is acting up. Nothing, really = It's just that you're such an asshole

绅士的英语用语

“突然说出无法从嘴里说出来的猥亵话时——如“去做×××吧等”——会使人很神气的女人很快投降。”有这种想法的男人，大概是世界各国皆然，当然英国人也是如此。跳舞之际，突然在对方的女性耳边说：Do you...? 相当于……部分的话是“非常猥亵的话”，也就怯⒂锏膄our-letter word。这个Do you...?当然会有危险。这是任何国家的人皆同。如果是个性强的女人，会当面斥责你“没礼貌！”“无聊！”可是说这句话的人却说：“But then, I get an awful lot of ..., too.”（可是而后还能得到……很好的东西哪。）

　　女性也有各种不同的类型，有的人容许说猥亵的话，有的人会立刻冒火，也有人虽然做出生气的表情，内心却受到很大的冲击而立刻失去抵抗力。这是因人而异，和国民性不会有很大的关系，英国妇女对这种情形是比较宽容的。根据《妇女镜报》向二千名英国女性访问的结果，已婚女性的大部分说“在夫妻间是无妨”，未婚女性的半数回答说“结婚后是无妨”。换句话说，到了有关系的男女之间就可以说那样的话。可是，实际上完全是看个人，美丽的金发女郎，自己几乎到了淫荡的程度，却不准男人使用breast（胸部）的话，也有人只听到Do you...?型的谈话，就跟着上床的实例。这样的例子估计约有百分之五十比较妥当吧。

　　建议有勇气的人到欧美时不妨试试看，可是被送往警察局时恕不负责。对于做不到这种程度的人，建议使用英国绅士们喜欢用的How about...?这个…… 的部分和前面介绍的不同，是什么也没有说，确实是……。一般的用法是：

　　How about dinner? （吃晚饭如何？）

　　How about drinking? （来一杯怎么样？）

　　How about staying with me? （和我一起住如何？）

　　是用在说“做……如何？”时使用的句子。

　　但据英国绅士喜欢用的How about...? 是说服女性“一起去旅馆？”时使用的话。How about going to a hotel with me? 为什么不这样明白说出呢？因为说出来后，被对方指责无礼和拒绝，绅士的面子就丢光了，如果仅是“How about...?”即便是对方生气，也可以借口“我只是说How about going home now?（该回家了吧？）”逃避，还可反过来说“你不要往坏的方面解释，不能相信我是绅士吗？”可是在英国说How about...?对方就会了解你的意图了。当然，早晨在办公室这样说是不使用的，要考虑场所和时间。夜晚在一起跳舞时，或在“情人小径”lover\'s lane时可轻轻地说。很顺利地带到目的地后，就需要为达成最后的目标努力，但不会有女人从开始就说OK立刻脱衣服，（妓女暂且不论）女性是不分中外，即使是Yes也要说"No"的动物。

　　英国人W.A.Baker曾做以下描述。女性在开始时说：

　　If you don\'t stop it, I\'ll tell my mother. （如果你不停止，我要告诉妈妈。）

　　这样说的女性，在不久后我的手到达——某处时会说：



　　I\'ll do it, you\'ll only tear them. （我自己来，你会弄痛的。）

　　这两句话不仅是当英文看，也请品尝其内容。



　　还有这样的笑话：Stop saying "Stop!" or I will stop. （不要说“停止！”否则我真的停止不干。）如果真的停止就扫兴了。

　　欧美的人一般想法是在达成目的之前应该说一些追求的话，如果是默默地进行，那是rape（强奸）。开始让一个日常会话都不好的外国人说一些罗曼蒂克的话，也是强人所难。因此建议不断地说I love you。即使不是真爱对方也要说这句话，固然与欧美人的夸大性有关，但love本身也有原因。love有用心“爱”和用身体“爱”两种意思，心里面根本没有想到爱，但在床上正进行中的男女，是在love，在性行为中如果说“Love me! ”应该解释为“我还要！”successful lover可以译做“成功的情人”，也可以指“达成性行为的男人”。

　　在一本小说中，阳痿的男人对他的情人说“我已经不是successful lover”，虽然是情侣但已经不是lover了。从以上的解说可以知道love并不一定是“喜欢”，使用无需内疚，再者，为弥补自己语学能力的不足，有必要不停地说I love you。如果想说得更明白时可以用I want you，这样就成为“我要你”的直接说法。有一首畅销曲歌名叫I need you。这一句话也很受用。这句话的意思是“我需要你”，使用在初见面的场合或许有些唐突，如果被问到为什么需要，就难以回答了。可是第一次见面时就来电，敢说：“I need you”的人请大着胆子使用吧。

选自 http://www.886-886.com

昨天贴了一篇博客文章，题目是“和Chairman Mao学英语”，新浪编辑修改了一下题目挂在了博客首页，果然点击率大增。今天铁的这篇文章题目原本是“向Resident Bush学英语”，为了和前面一篇毛泽东英语水平的文章呼应，干脆起个题目叫“布什的英语水平到底怎么样？”

前一阵子，一名中国博士留学生因为“英文不如美国人流利”而受到耶鲁大学的不公正待遇，在华人中间引起强烈反响。我一下子就联想到了耶鲁大学的一位校友，当然是一位美国人，而且不是随便哪个美国人，他是Georges W. Bush，也就是现任美国总统。布什总统讲英文屡屡出错，发音口齿不清，所以有美国人故意学布什地发音方式，夸张地把President Bush（布什总统）的President省掉一个P，叫成Resident ，所以President Bush就成了Resident Bush（布什居民）。还美国人专门发明了一个新词bushism专指“布什式英语”，维基百科也为bushism开辟了专门的词条，搜集布什总统的英文错误存档，随时更新。需要说明一点的是，我们介绍“布什式英语”并非嘲弄美国总统，也不想给大家一个英语很难学的印象。正相反，我的目的是想告诉大家，我们中国人学说英语尽管大胆地去说，不要怕说错不好意思，人家美国总统错成那样都无所谓，我们这些老外说错个把字慌什么。

（1）语法篇

布什式英语的最大的语法特色就是把系动词be的复数are简化成is，这一点和我们中国人学英语时常犯的错误时一模一样，因为汉语的“是”就不分单复数，“他是”、“他们是”都是“是”，不像英语He is，They are那么罗嗦。比如2000年总统竞选电视辩论的时候，面对电脑文字处理器一般精准的戈尔，布什连连把该说are的地方说成is：

"There is no new accountability measures in Vice President Gore's plan."

（“戈尔副总统的计划中没有新的承担责任的措施”，因为measures是复数，所以要用are，而不是is）

"There's too many issues left unresolved."

（“有太多的问题未获得解决”，因为issues 是复数，所以要用are，而不是is）

"You bet there's things the government can do."

（“当然有些事情政府可以做”，因为things是复数，所以要用are，而不是is）

"So I think step one to make sure prescription drugs is more affordable for seniors“

（“所以我觉得第一步是要使处方药让老人们能买得起”）因为drugs是复数，所以要用are，而不是is）。

不信试一试，上述的句子放在Microsoft word里都要被打上绿杠作为错误显示出来的。

布什式英语的另一个特色就是形容词的比较级，喜欢使用more，或者few，而不是根据形容词本身的音节特征选择使用词根加-er，这又是中国人常犯的错误。2000年1月29日布什在Concord，N.H.的一次讲话中问道：

"Will the highways on the Internet become more few?"

（“互联网上的高速路会变得更少了吗？”）这里形容词few的比较级，应该是fewer，more few闻所未闻，错的离谱，一般人最多错说成less few，Resident Bush真不是等闲之辈。

最近，布什英语的比较级又有了新的进展。2005年9月20日在Gulfport，Miss. 又说："We look forward to hearing your vision, so we can more better do our job." （“我们等着听你们的高见，以便我们干得更好。”）本来，better已经是good的比较级，是正确的，不幸布什却有画蛇添足地在better之前又加上了more，什么是more better?

作为总统，布什非常关心儿童的教育，特别是拼读认写的能力。在2001年华盛顿电视电台记者晚餐会上，布什忧心忡忡地问到："Rarely is the question asked, is our children learning?" （“很少有人问这个问题：我们的儿童在学习吗？”）这个句子中，儿童children是复数，所以相应的系词应该是are，而不是is，布什又犯了老毛病。由于这句话在媒体中广为传播，成为笑谈，布什可能受了一定的刺激，从此见children一词后面开始用复数are。2004年1月23日在华盛顿的一次关于演讲中谈到了儿童中的文盲，说了这样一句话： "The illiteracy level of our children are appalling." （“儿童文盲的程度令人震惊”）。children是复数固然不错，可惜布什忽略了这里的主语是单数的level而不是children，所以应该用is，而不是are。

2001年2月21日布什在Townsend, Tenn关于教育改革的一次演讲中说到“儿童”这个词的时候使用的单数是单数child，但却又犯了另一个错误：

“You teach a child to read, and he or her will be able to pass a literacy test. ”

（你教一个孩子拼读，他或者她将会通过语文的测验）。

he or she（他或她），本是美国人常用的显示那女平等“政治正确”的常用词组，布什居然把主格的she错说成了宾格的her。显然，布什总统以这样的水平去参加语文考试一准儿是通不过的。

（2）词汇篇

布什式英语词汇的第一个特征就是发明新词，或者赋予某一个老词以新的意义。1999年6月布什在谈到与希腊的关系时说："Keep good relations with the Grecians" （与希腊人保持良好关系），错把“希腊人”（Greek）说成Grecians，犯了中小学生常犯的错误，以为America（美国）的人是American，Greece（希腊）的人就是Grecians。

不过，布什也不是完全无的放矢，Grecians这个词还真有，可以指“希腊式”的建筑或相貌。有时候不是还会发明新词。2004年10月15日布什在Indianapolis, IN的讲话中振振有词地说："I refuse to be sucked into your hypnotheoretical arguments." （我拒绝接受你的hypnotheoretical论点。）。什么是hypnotheoretical？这个词word不认识，我估计布什本来想说hypothetical（假设性的），可惜多加了几个零碎。

布什式英语词汇的另外一个特征是正话反说。2001年1月29日，布什在华盛顿的一次讲话中说："I am mindful not only of preserving executive powers for myself, but for predecessors as well."（我不仅在意维系我自己的行政权力，也要维系我的前任们的行政权力。）往者往矣，布什为什么要维护其“前任”的行政权力呢？原来布什想说“successors”（继任者），结果说反了，说成了“predecessors”（前任）。

布什总统2001年1月7日在纽约州Rochester谈到经济问题时，以通俗的经济学家的口吻说到："If the tarriers and bariffs (barriers and tariffs) are torn down, this economy will grow."（如果打烂tarriers和bariffs，咱的这个经济就会增长）。当时听众们顿时堕入云里雾里，不是布什的经济理论有什么高深之处，而是谁也没有听说过tarriers和bariffs这两个词，半天才醒过梦来：布什总统本是要说barriers（壁垒）和tariffs（关税）啊！

这种把两个词的第一个辅音弄反了的语言现象在英语里有一个专门的词描述叫做spoonerism，“首音误植”，不是布什总统的知识产权，而是以一个教士的名字命名的语言现象。这个教士名叫William Archibald Spooner（1844-1930），平素一张嘴就会把前后几个词的辅音弄反，比如"Mardon me padam, this pie is occupewed. Can I sew you to another sheet?." (Pardon me, madam, this pew is occupied. Can I show you to another seat?对不起，太太，这个座位已经有人了，我给你指另外一个座位好吗？)

“首音误植”还不打紧，因为毕竟表明总统还是掌握了相关的词汇，只不过情急之中舌头跟不上脑子而已。但是在另外的一些场合，布什明显地表现出词汇贫乏，如轮如何找不到合适的词来表达自己的意思。2001年1月14日，布什在接受纽约时报采访时对当时加利福尼亚州发生的电力危机发表评论：

"The California crunch really is the result of not enough power-generating plants and then not enough power to power the power of generating plants."（加利福尼亚的麻烦真的就是没有足够的发电厂的结果，所以没有足够的电给发电厂供电）

几天以后，2001年1月18日布什在总统就职典礼前接受合众社采访时信心十足地说："I'm hopeful. I know there is a lot of ambition in Washington, obviously. But I hope the ambitious realize that they are more likely to succeed with success as opposed to failure." （我充满希望。我知道华盛顿有很多雄心壮志，这很明显。但我希望有雄心的人认识到他们更可能以成功而实现成功，相对失败而言）。

布什的词汇量有限，有限的词汇还会出错，难怪很多人经常误解甚至耻笑这位总统。为此布什也颇感委屈，他在2000年11月6日在Bentonville, Ark. 的一次讲话中这样辩解说：“They misunderestimated me."（他们低估了我），可惜又把underestimate（低估）画蛇添足说成misunderestimate，让我的word软件打了红线，又是个布什不适新词.

文章引用自: http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/48670cb201000642

中国国家主席胡锦涛美国时间2006年4月21日在美国耶鲁大学发表重要演讲。演讲之前，胡锦涛会见了校长Richard C. Levin并出席赠书仪式。

Let me begin by thanking you, Mr. Levin, for your kind invitation and the opportunity to come to Yale to meet young friends and teachers of this world-renowned university.

Coming to the Yale campus, with its distinctive academic flavor, and looking at the eager young faces in the audience, I cannot but recall my great experience studying at Qinghua University in Beijing 40 years ago. Indeed, what happens during one’s school year will influence his whole life. I still benefit greatly from the instruction and my interaction with other students.

Yale is renowned for its long history, unique way of teaching and excellence in academic pursuit. If time could go back several decades, I would really like to be a student of Yale just like you.

Yale’s motto “Light and Truth,” which is a calling for human progress, represents the aspiration of every motivated young man and woman. Over the past three centuries, Yale has produced a galaxy of outstanding figures, including 20 Nobel laureates and five American presidents. The words of Nathan Hale, an American hero and Yale alumnus, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country,” have also inspired me and many other Chinese. I sincerely hope that Yale will produce more talent and contribute further to the social and economic development of the United States and the cause of human progress.

Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends，

The Chinese and Americans have always had an intense interest in and cared deeply about each other. The Chinese admire the pioneering and enterprising spirit of the Americans and their proud achievement in national development. As China develops rapidly and steady headway is made in China-U.S. cooperation, more and more Americans are following with great interest China’s progress and development.

Understanding leads to trust. Today, I would like to speak to you about China’s development strategy and its future against the backdrop of the evolution of the Chinese civilization and China’s current development endeavor. I hope this will help you gain a better understanding of China.

In a history that spans more than five millennia, the Chinese nation has contributed significantly to the progress of human civilization. But its course of national development has been an arduous one. In particular in the 160 years and more since the Opium War in 1840, the Chinese people have fought courageously and unyieldingly to rid themselves of poverty and backwardness and to realize national rejuvenation, thus profoundly changing the destiny of the Chinese nation. Ninety-five years ago, the Chinese people launched the Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the feudal autocracy which had ruled China for several thousand years and opened the door to China’s progress.

Fifty-seven years ago, the Chinese people succeeded in winning liberation after protracted and hard struggle and founded New China in which people became their own masters. Twenty-eight years ago, the Chinese people embarked upon the historic drive of reform, opening-up and modernization and have made phenomenal progress through unremitting efforts.

Between 1978 and 2005, China’s GDP grew from $147.3 billion to $2.2257 trillion. Its import and export volume went up from $20.6 billion to $1.4221 trillion and its foreign exchange reserve soared from $167 million to $818.9 billion. During this period, the number of its poor rural population dropped from 250 million to 23 million. The above review of the profound changes in these 160 years shows one thing, namely, by carrying out persistent and hard struggle, the Chinese people have both changed their own destiny and advanced the cause of human progress.

On the other hand, I need to point out that, despite the success in its development, China remains the world’s largest developing country, with per capita GDP ranking behind the 100th place. The Chinese people are yet to live a well-off life and China still faces daunting challenges in its development endeavor. Therefore it requires sustained and unremitting efforts to transform the country and make life better for its people. In the next 15 years, we will strive to make new progress in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way that will benefit China’s one billion and more population.

We aim to raise China’s GDP to $4 trillion by 2020, averaging $3,000 per person. By then, China’s economy will be better developed and its democracy will be further enhanced. More progress will be made in science and education. Its culture will be further enriched, the society will become more harmonious and the people will lead a better life.

To realize these goals, China has adopted a new concept of development in line with its national conditions and the requirement of the times. That is, to pursue a scientific outlook on development that makes economic and social development people-oriented, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable. We will work to strike a proper balance between urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, development of man and nature, and domestic development and opening wider to the outside world. Greater emphasis will be put on addressing issues affecting people’s livelihood, overcoming imbalances in development and resolving key problems that have occurred in the course of development. We will pursue a new path to industrialization featuring high technology, good economic returns, low resource-consumption, low environment pollution and full use of human resources. We will bring about coordinated economic, political, cultural and social development. And we will endeavor to ensure sustainable development by boosting production, improving people’s life and protecting the environment.

This concept of scientific development is based on the experience China has gained in its modernization drive and put forth in response to the trends of the times. It is also rooted in the cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.

The Chinese civilization is one that has continued uninterrupted for more than 5,000 years. The distinct cultural tradition of the Chinese nation that developed in the long course of history has exerted a strong influence on contemporary China, just as it did on ancient China. Putting people first, keeping pace with the times, maintaining social harmony and pursuing peaceful development: these values that are being pursued in China today are derived from its tradition. But they also give expression to the progress of the times.

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to the people and respect for people’s dignity and value. Centuries ago, the Chinese already pointed out that “people are the foundation of a country; when the foundation is stable, the country is in peace.” Nothing is more valuable in the universe than human beings. The ancient Chinese emphasized the value of serving the people, enriching them, nourishing them, and benefiting them. We are pursuing today a people-oriented approach toward development because we believe that development must be for the people and by the people and its benefit should be shared among the people.

We care about people’s value, rights and interests and freedom, the quality of their life, and their development potential and happiness index because our goal is to realize the all-around development of the people. Ensuring the right to survival and development remains China’s top priority. We will vigorously promote social and economic development, protect people’s freedom, democracy and human rights according to law, achieve social fairness and justice and enable the 1.3 billion Chinese people to live a happy life.

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to unremitting self-improvement, reform and innovation. As an ancient Chinese motto puts it, “As Heaven keeps vigor through movement, a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement.” Throughout its 5,000-year history, it is thanks to their perseverance, determination, stamina and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity. The Chinese people have shown enterprising spirit and reform and opening-up creativity in national development and great tenacity in overcoming difficulties on the road to progress. And all this gives expression to the spirit of unremitting self-improvement embodied in China’s cultural tradition.

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to social harmony, unity and mutual assistance. Back in the early days of the Chinese nation, the Chinese already advocated that “harmony is most valuable.” They strove for harmony between man and nature, among people and between man’s body and soul, and yearned for an ideal society where “everyone loves everyone else, everyone is equal and the whole world is one community.”

Today, China is endeavoring to build a harmonious society. It is a society of democracy and rule of law, fairness and justice, integrity, fraternity, vitality, stability, order and harmony between man and nature. It is a society where there is unity between the material and the spirit, democracy and rule of law, fairness and efficiency, and vitality and order.

The Chinese people takes [sic] the maintenance of ethnic unity and harmony as their bounden duty and the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity their sacred mission.

Any act that promoted ethnic harmony and national unity will receive the warm welcome and support of the Chinese people. On the other hand, any act that undermines China’s ethnic harmony and national unity will meet their strong opposition and resistance.

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to good neighborliness. The Chinese nation cherishes peace. In foreign relations, the Chinese have always believed that “the strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor” and advocated that “all nations live side by side in perfect harmony.”

The Chinese held that “one should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers” and called for drawing upon the strength of others. Today, China holds high the banner of peace, development and cooperation. It pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and commits itself firmly to peaceful development.

It seeks to accelerate its development by upholding world peace. The world peace is, in turn, enhanced by China’s development. China firmly pursues a strategy of opening-up for mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. It genuinely wishes to enter into extensive cooperation with other countries. It is inclusive and is eager to draw on the strength of other civilizations to pursue peace and development through cooperation and play its part in building a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.

Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends，

China and the United States are both countries of vast territory where many ethnic groups coexist and different cultures intermingle. Both our two peoples are hard-working and talented. Due to different historical backgrounds and national conditions, there are differences between China and the United States. But this enables us to learn from each other and draw on each other’s strengths. Closer China-U.S. cooperation serves the fundamental interests of our two countries and peoples and is also of far-reaching significance for peace and development of the whole world.

Vast as it is, the Pacific Ocean has not stood in the way of exchanges and cooperation between our two peoples over the past two hundred years, and many moving episodes of mutual learning and mutual help between our two peoples who represent different civilizations have been recorded. In the 27 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1979, China-U.S. relations have maintained steady momentum of growth despite twists and turns on the way, bringing tremendous benefits to both countries and peoples.

Entering the 21st century, the world has continued to undergo profound changes. Peace and development remain the calling of our times. On the other hand, factors causing instability and uncertainty are increasing and new challenges and threats are looming. Against this backdrop, the common interests between our two countries are increasing and the areas of our cooperation widening. Global peace and security now face new challenges, such as fighting international terrorism, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, protecting the environment and human habitat and combating transnational crimes. And it is exactly in these fields that we share important strategic interests. China has a huge market and its development has generated strong demand, while the United States has advanced technology and high quality products. This has created enormous opportunities for economic and technical cooperation between our two countries. Indeed, there is a broad prospect for the growth of constructive and cooperative China-U.S. relations in all fields.

Yesterday morning, President Bush and I had an in-depth exchange of views on China-U.S. relations and major international and regional issues of common interest and reached broad and important agreement. We are both of the view that the two sides should approach our relations from the strategic and long-term perspective and that we should enhance dialogue, expand common ground, increase mutual trust, deepen cooperation and promote the overall growth of the constructive and cooperative China-U.S. relations in the 21st century.

When we focus on the overall interest of China-U.S. relations, respect and show understanding to each other, I am confident that our relations will move ahead in a healthy and steady manner, and contribute to the well-being of our two peoples and bring greater hope to people around the world.

Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends，

A composer cannot write enchanting melody with one note, and a painter cannot paint landscape with only one color. The world is a treasure house where the unique cultural achievements created by people of all countries are displayed. The culture of a nation tells a lot about the evolution of the nation’s understanding of the world and life, both past and present. Culture thus embodies a nation’s fundamental pursuit of mind and dictates its norms of behavior. The historical process of human development is one in which different civilizations interact with and enrich each other and all civilizations in human history have contributed to human progress in their own unique way.

Cultural diversity is a basic feature of both human society and today’s world and an important driving force for human progress. As history has shown, in the course of interactions between civilizations, we not only need to remove natural barriers and overcome physical isolation, we also need to remove obstacles and obstructions of the mind and overcome various prejudices and misunderstandings. Differences in ideology, social system and development model should not stand in the way of exchanges among civilizations, still less should they become excuses for mutual confrontation. We should uphold the diversity of the world, enhance dialogue and interaction between civilizations, and draw on each other’s strength instead of practicing mutual exclusion. When this is done, mankind will enjoy greater harmony and happiness and the world will become a more colorful place to live in.

Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends，

Exchanges in culture and education and among young people serve as a bridge for increasing mutual understanding between our two peoples. They are also a major driving force for the healthy and stable growth of China-U.S. relations. Yale is a forerunner in conducting China-U.S. educational exchanges and provides an important platform for cultural exchanges between our two countries. One hundred and fifty-six years ago, a Chinese young man named Rong Hong entered Yale Campus [sic]. Four years later, he graduated with distinction and received a bachelor of arts degree, making him the first ever Chinese graduate of an American university. Later, group after group of young Chinese followed his footsteps and studied in Yale. Over the past 20 years, Yale has accepted over 4,000 Chinese students and undertaken more than 80 cooperation projects in culture, science and technology, and education with China. Last summer, Yale sent the first group of students to China for internships and some among them became the first foreign interns to work with China’s Palace Museum. I wish to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to you, Mr. Levin, and Yale for the efforts you have made to promote exchanges between our two peoples.

To enhance mutual understanding between young people and educators of the two countries, I announce with pleasure here that we have decided to invite 100 Yale faculty members and students to visit China this summer. I''''m sure you can look forward to an enjoyable experience in China.

Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends，

As an old Chinese saying goes: “As in the Yangtze River where the waves behind drive on those before, so a new generation always excels the last one.” Young people represent the hope and future of the world. They are full of vitality, new ideas and creativity. I sincerely hope that the young people in China and the United States will join hands and work to enhance friendship between our two peoples, and, together with people of other countries, create a better world for all.

Thank you!

“八荣八耻”

(eight-honor and eight-shame)

以热爱祖国为荣、以危害祖国为耻

honor to those who love the motherland, and shame on those who harm the motherland;

以服务人民为荣、以背离人民为耻

honor to those who serve the people, and shame on those who betray the people;

以崇尚科学为荣、以愚昧无知为耻

honor to those who quest for science, and shame on those who refuse to be educated;

以辛勤劳动为荣、以好逸恶劳为耻

honor to those who are hardworking, and shame on those who indulge in comfort and hate work;

以团结互助为荣、以损人利己为耻

honor to those who help each other, and shame on those who seek gains at the expense of others;

以诚实守信为荣、以见利忘义为耻

honor to those who are trustworthy, and shame on those who trade integrity for profits；

以遵纪守法为荣、以违法乱纪为耻

honor to those who abide by law and discipline, and shame on those who break laws and discipline;

以艰苦奋斗为荣、以骄奢淫逸为耻

honor to those who uphold plain living and hard struggle, and shame on those who wallow in extravagance and pleasures.

北京第二外国语学院的杜大卫(David Tool)教授有个愿望，就是能为帮助中国提高英文标识翻译水平做出点自己的贡献，这个想法产生于5年前他在观看一次京剧表演时的感受。当时，蹩脚的字幕翻译让外国游客笑得前仰后合，深受触动的杜大卫于是提笔给中国文化部写了一封信，表示可以自愿为名胜古迹撰写水平更高的英文导读。让他没想到的是，这个愿望后来真的实现了。2002年年末，他被北京市民讲外语活动组委会聘为“专家顾问”。从那时起，他就立刻开始了他的翻译工作。随着北京市政府为迎接2008年北京奥运会的到来着手改造旅游景点设施，杜大卫就肩负起了为旅游指示牌书写正确英文的重任。



从种植上万棵树木到建造高科技喷泉舞台等，从各个方面都可以看出北京正在全力以赴地迎接奥运会的到来，但恐怕没有什么能比提高指示牌翻译准确度这件事更有影响和挑战性的了。北京市眼下正掀起了一股提高外语水平的热潮，的士司机学习简单的外语会话，市民踊跃参加社区英文比赛。市政府和北京市旅游局(Beijing Tourism Administration)也没闲着，他们正在认真研究，如何在改善旅游设施的同时也让众多旅游景点的指示牌更容易为外国游客所理解。国内外语言专家认为，从餐馆菜单上木须肉(mu shu pork)的翻译再到故宫(Forbidden City)的翻译都可能引起外国游客的误解。



杜大卫称，在中国这个十分在意自己形像的国家，英文标识翻译不规范是件丢面子的事，而且，这对外国游客也不够尊重。现年59岁的杜大卫第一次来到中国是在1990年，并且从2001年以来一直在北京第二外国语学院任教。杜大卫有着非同寻常的人生经历，他早年曾是美国陆军上校并参加过越南战争，他还在斯里兰卡担任过佛学研究院的院长。他说，这些一目了然的翻译错误将影响到外国游客对中国文化及历史的了解。他说，一个很简单的错误就可以使外国游客对传承5000年的中华文明产生误解。



然而，要真正做好这件事情并不容易。尽管没有为此领取薪水，但杜大卫心甘情愿。如今，他不仅要完成40座大型博物馆和40个二线场馆的介绍，还有长达600页7捆卷宗的高速公路和地铁标识等着他完成。据他估计，至少已经翻译了50,000个标识。大多数标识原先都是由北京市政府不同部门各自翻译的，现在北京市希望能够保持一定程度的统一。



北京市人民政府外事办公室副主任刘洋说，通过营造一个国际语言环境，奥运会为我们提供了一个更好地展示北京城市面貌的机会。刘洋还是北京市民讲外语活动(Beijing Speaks Foreign Languages Program)组委会办公室主任。这个旨在提高北京市民英语水平的活动最初酝酿于2001年，当时北京决定申办2008年奥运会的举动已经深入人心。



尽管英语和法语都是奥运会指定的官方语言，但刘洋表示北京不准备把当地的标识翻译成英语以外的其他语言。北京在上世纪90年代即1990年亚运会之前也举办过类似的活动。但北京市民讲外语活动官方刊物指出，有很多指示标识的英文翻译仍有待改进，如植物园的指示牌被翻译成了“Lead to the desert grows the plant hall”。



其他亚洲国家也有借助举办体育盛会大力整顿英文标识翻译的经历。例如，1998年韩国在举办夏季奥运会期间，韩国政府发起了提高翻译水平的活动，并聘请外语好的国人为到访的外国游客提供帮助。此后，韩国提高外语信息准确度的努力就一直没有间断过，因此到了2002年韩国举办世界杯的时候，韩国就不再为改善标志牌犯愁了。



北京市旅游局副局长熊玉梅把改进北京标志牌英文翻译的工作列为北京筹办奥运会第三紧要的任务，仅次于改善环境和完善历史名胜设施这两项重任。



熊玉梅表示，旅游业是最能从举办奥运会中受益的行业。她说，到2008年时，估计来北京的游客人数将从2004年的360万人次增至460万人次，增幅接近30%。为了迎接游客的猛增，北京市已经准备采取一系列措施，如修建“四星级”厕所、为残疾人和老年人修建匝道和电梯、为售票处提供刷卡设施（Visa是2008年奥运会的主要赞助商）、新建20个信息中心、取缔无照商贩、在与历史名胜保持一定距离的地方允许合法商贩出售纪念品、将北京西南角的周口店古猿人遗址修葺一新等。



全球一流的国际团队正在忙着帮助北京修缮故宫、颐和园等历史名胜。在修缮过程中，他们也在讨论是否要保持古迹的历史原貌。在所谓的旧城区，也就是故宫城?周边地带，新建的商店和非法建筑都将被夷为平地，并在周边铺设步行区，从而突出故宫的风采。



英文标识还将出现在许多为迎接奥运而匆匆开放的新景点。有许多中国名人的私宅将首次对外开放，其中包括20世纪早期的京剧名角梅兰芳，除此以外，北京还有许多高官显贵的大宅院，也就是所谓的“皇家园林”将开始接待游人。另外，旅游局还将致力于改善北京658家星级饭店──北京市政府在申奥过程中曾保证这个数字到2008年将增至800家──以及4,000家规模较小的旅馆的服务。在这个领域，提高员工的英语水平已成为全市范围的努力目标。熊玉梅尤其自豪地指出，全市的4,000条街道和历史景点标识已经得到了校对并作出了更改。



熊玉梅表示：奥运会当然对我们是个大大的推动，但这方面的工作我们过去就强调必须大大加强。



不过，北京市民讲外语活动组委会的刘洋表示，“我们组委会在简化语言表达方面的最大困难不是来自于英文，而是中文。”中文在不同语境中可以表示许多不同的意思。举例来说，如何翻译“洋桥”桥，因为“洋桥”的“桥”也是桥梁的意思，不过这个名字已经延用了数百年。对于已经广为人知的“hutong”（胡同）、“tofu”（豆腐）或者是“Sanlitun bar street”（三里屯酒吧街）又将如何翻译呢？专为标识问题组成的30人顾问委员会开始研究这些问题，并已召开了会议，用刘洋的话说，这些会议让人非常疲劳。他们希望在2006年年底前向北京市市长提交的报告中提出初步意见。



不过，杜大卫表示，这项工作由于组委会成员的不同语言背景而陷入困境，这些专家曾在美国、英国、澳大利亚或者其他地方生活或学习。他说，“他们无法对什么是标准英语达成共识。”最终，委员会决定依据在中国商务活动中应用最广泛的美式英语来制定。



因此，“W.C.”（卫生间）和“Way Out”（出口）将被更为常见的“Toilet”和“Exit”所取代。高速路标识将参照上海的标准执行。杜大卫说，“交通部采用上海的标识作为执行标准，我想是因为上海的外国人数量长久以来一直都超过北京。”虽然更多的决策权掌握在杜大卫和他同事的手上，但这位美国人建议说，只要意思清楚明白，他们可以接受“具有中国特色的英语”。因此在中国的道路标识上将继续出现“Keep Space”（保持车距），而不是“Maintain Distance”；卡车专用车道将继续采用英式英语被称做“Carriageways”。不过，“Bridge”仍将继续指代立交桥，因为委员会难以在美国用法overpass和英国用法flyover之间作出取舍。不过“Underpass”（地下通道）将取代意义模糊的“Groove”。此外，司机也不会再看到提醒他们不要疲劳驾驶的写着“No Driving Tiredly”的标识了。



有时候，杜大卫的工作远远超越了语言学的范畴。他修改了博物馆里那些只有中国人才能理解的介绍文字，比如将“the first year of the Qianlong Reign”（干隆元年）改为西方人更容易理解的“A.D. 1735”（公元1735年）。他还删除了一些“the glorious tradition and outstanding wisdom of the Chinese masses”（辉煌的历史和中国人高超的智慧）等浮夸的句子，他觉得这些句子不利于人们欣赏文物古迹。他还删掉了一些反日和排外的语句，用他的话来说，在那些在侵略战争期间遭到破坏的场景中，这些东西显得太直接。



而为中国菜肴制定标准的英文名称的任务似乎更艰巨，不过这的确十分必要。在菜单上你经常会发现一些家常菜被翻译成“stewed bean crud”、“badly cooked starch cubes”或者“fish in first position”这类稀奇古怪的名字。北京旅游学院牵头有关机构搜集了1万份餐馆菜单用于研究和分类。该学院翻译委员会的初步目标是提供在200家三星级以上餐厅最常见的1,000种菜肴的官方英文菜名。这个翻译委员会由20名志愿者组成，其中有英语教授、餐饮行业经理以及多数来自美国的“外国专家”。旅游学院副教授冯冬明表示，这个项目非常重要，因为菜名是我们文化中非常复杂的一个部分，我们必须以长短适中的英文向外国来宾传达出基本意思。



但是，对中文字面意思是“吞下云彩”的“云吞”（有些地方称“馄饨”）该如何处理呢？常见的“鱼香肉丝”是该翻译成“fish-flavored shredded pork”（有鱼香味的肉片）、还是“slivered pork in garlic sauce”（用蒜味佐料做的猪肉条）还是干脆就叫“Sichuan sliced pork”（川味肉片）呢？



尽管这个任务似乎相当艰巨，但冯教授表示，委员会将在11月份之前在网上公布初步整理的结果。餐饮店不会被强制要求按这套新的英文菜名制作菜单，但是，如果这些英文名被比较高级的酒店餐馆采用，它们可能会流向全市小型、非星级甚至还没有营业执照的餐馆──这样的餐馆估计全北京有10,000-40,000家，随后还会扩散至全国。



为避免这样的跨文化沟通仅仅停留在菜名的层面上，该学院还准备实施一个项目，培训酒店服务生用标准英语向用餐的客人介绍菜品及点菜。实际上，目前有数万北京人将参加北京市英语水平测试，这是北京市与英国剑桥大学共同创办的考试项目。



对杜大卫来说，所有这一切努力与其说是为了让中国这个全世界人口最多的国家与国际接轨，还不如说是为了让世界更好地了解和欣赏中国文化。他说，中国和北京在现代化和改善环境方面已经有了很大进步，这很值得赞扬。如果最后在一些标语牌上还能见到一些常见的奇怪用法和拼写错误，只要它们比以前有很大改善，他就不会感到失望。他还承认，他希望他的工作能成为他的“遗产”流传下去，成为他给这个国家的礼物。



杜大卫宏大的翻译工程已使他多少成了一位名人。中国官方媒体曾撰文赞扬他，他还被授予“长城友谊奖”，北京一家电视台还拍摄了有关他的电视片，并选他作“北京奥运大使”(Beijing Olympic Missioner)。



有意思的是，他或许不得不告诉他们，他这个新头衔的英文翻译其实并不恰当。

各国人的诨名

【问题】英美各国的国民，除正式的名称外，还有一种诨名式的称呼，如英国人叫做John Bull(约翰牛)之类。请举出各国人这一类的绰号。 【解答】谁都知道Uncle Sam是美国人的绰号，而典型的英国人就叫作John Bull，但很少有人知道来历的。Uncle Sam 既可以代表美国人，又可以代表美国政府，据说这是U.S.演绎出来的。这个绰号发生于1812年战争时期，地点是在纽约州的 Troy 和 Albany 一带，当时政府的仓库管理员名叫Samuel Wilson，在Troy地方都叫他做Uncle Sam。他曾在军队的食粮桶上盖上U.S.的字样，以示检验放行，所以后人考证Uncle Sam就是这样来的。至于John Bull，则出自1712年 Dr.John Arbuthnot 的讽刺句“Law is a Bottomless Pit；or the History of John Bull”，但这名字是 Arbuthnot 所创造，抑系当时一般人通用的绰号，就不得而知了。 Brother Jonathan 也可代表美国人，其来源出自华盛顿的知名革命志士 Jonathan Trumbull(1710-1785)。华盛顿常向他请教，而且曾亲口唤他做 Brother Jonathan。 在俚俗语中代表英国人的又有Johnny Bono的说法。叫美国人就通称Yankee(或Yank)，据说这是印第安人对 English 的转讹。 苏格兰人就叫作Sawney，Sandy(=Alexander)，Jockey，因为这些都是苏格兰最普通的人名。爱尔兰人就称Paddy，Pat(=Patrick)，美国又叫他们做Mick(Micky)，Murphy。 一般叫Wales人作Taffy，这是出自一支通俗的摇篮歌(nursery rhyme)，其全文如下： 　　Taffy was a Welshman， 　　Taffy was a thief. 　　Tafry came to my house， 　　And stole a piece of beef. 　　I went to Taffy's house， 　　Taffy wasn't at home； 　　Tafry came to my house, 　　And stole a marrow-bone. 　　I went to Taffy's house； 　　Taffy was in bed； 　　I took up the marrow-bone， 　　And flung it at his head! 这个Taffy原是威尔士对 Davy(即David)一名的读法。正同俄国人把John读成Ivan一样。 Cornwall的人通称cousin Jack；Liverpool的人通称Dicky Sam；生在Lancashire的人就叫作Tim Bobbin，这可能是由于纺织而来的。美国俗语叫New England人做Johnny-Cake，不知是不是因为他们会做那种饼的关系。 澳洲人就称Aussie，当然是Australian的省略，又因地产袋鼠而被称为Kangaroo，至于Digger当系由挖金矿而来的。 法国人好吃青蛙，就叫他作frog-eater或 Froggy.至于Gaul及Jean(Johnny)Crapand，当然系由人名而来。现代的法国兵称为Poilu，是因为他们毛发丛生的关系。 德国人通称Hun，又称Fritz或Jerry或Bosch．所谓Hun实为匈奴，因第一次世界大战时，德国兵横行欧洲，正象第四、五世纪时匈奴横行欧洲一样，故借用此名。英国人又呼德国人为 Cousin Michael。 Don Diego是指西班牙人，至于西班牙种的美国人，俗称Dago。 加拿大人叫作Canuck；意大利人就称Wop；日本人叫Jap，有时故意读成Yap，以示轻蔑。 Tannikin是指荷兰女人，Gin是澳洲女人，Bridget(Biddy)是爱尔兰的使女。 荷兰人被叫做 Nic Frog 或 Mynheer；瑞士人是 Colin Tampon；称饿国人为A bear；称土耳其人为Infidel。 Knickerbocker 是指纽约市民，出自Washington Irving 的 History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker，大概是因为盔 New England 的荷兰移民穿短裤的关系吧。伦敦人则被称为Cockney。 　　　　　　　　　　　　－－摘自钱歌川《英文疑难详解续篇》（中国对外翻译出版公司出版）