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2009-10-04 22:10

  莎士比亚名剧《威尼斯商人》讲述的故事是大家都熟悉的:威尼斯商人安东尼奥为了帮助朋友,向犹太商人夏洛克借了一笔钱,而夏洛克为了报复安东尼奥平时对他的侮辱,情愿不要利息,约定在三个月的期限到来之时,如果安东尼奥不能清偿债务,就要由夏洛克在安东尼奥“心口所在的附近取一磅肉”。后来因为安东尼奥的商船接连沉没,到期无法还清债务,夏洛克就向法庭起诉,请求按照原合同履行。威尼斯公爵和元老们的劝解都无法让夏洛克回心转意,只能准备执行原约定。幸好安东尼奥友人的未婚妻鲍西娅聪明过人,假扮法律权威来到法庭,宣布“这约上所签订的惩罚,于法律条文的涵义并无抵触”,夏洛克有权在安东尼奥的胸前取一磅肉;可是因为合同上只写了一磅肉,所以如果在取肉时流出一滴基督徒的血或者所割超过一磅或不足一磅,就是谋杀,要按照威尼斯的法律抵命并没收全部的财产。夏洛克听了,只得请求撤诉,可这位假冒的法律权威又宣称根据威尼斯的法律,异邦人企图谋杀威尼斯公民,就要由公爵宣判没收财产,夏洛克撤诉就说明他原来的本意只是想谋害安东尼奥,所以要由公爵判罚。公爵就势命令夏洛克改奉基督教,并且没收财产。夏洛克只得灰溜溜的败诉而回。

  合同是私人自己定的,难道就成了法律不成?法官难道就不能宣布这合同“不近人情”将其作废?况且起诉的一方还是一个异教徒,是个在威尼斯受人歧视、几乎是被当作贱民的犹太人,何必如此和他“较真”,一定要以法庭的强制力执行这个合同?这就需要了解这个故事后面的法文化了。

  在古代环地中海地区,合同往往具有一种神圣的色彩。比如古代希伯莱人在合同方面很迷信,认为神和人是以“约”联系在一起的,犹太教的经典就以“约”为名,着重强调上帝和人类的几次约:第一次是上帝和挪亚立的约,人类应向上帝献祭,不吃带血的畜肉,上帝则不再发洪水。这次约以天上的彩虹为信。第二次是上帝和亚伯拉罕立的约,这是上帝和其“选民”(选中的民众)犹太人的约,犹太人应该以割礼为这项约的标志。第三次是上帝和摩西立的约,作为上帝眷顾其选民的对价,犹太人应该以他们的头生子(后改以金钱赎)及头生的牲畜为献祭,并严格遵循“十诫”。后来的基督教教义里,仍旧保留上帝和人类立约这样的概念。基督教的《新约全书》,所谓新约是相对于旧有的上帝与人类的约而言的,这个新约就是耶稣作为上帝之子为人类而流血,来赦免人类的罪孽。耶稣在最后的晚餐上要门徒们吃饼,说是他的身体;要门徒喝酒,说是他的血,“这是我立约的血,为众人流出来,使罪得赦”。教徒要受洗礼、领圣餐、饮红酒,就是遵守基督和人类的这个新约的标志。

  在古罗马法中,合同也是一种不可动摇、必须履行的约定。古罗马法用obligatio表示合同,意思就是“法锁”。古罗马法对于债的定义是:“法律用以把人或集体的人结合在一起的束缚或锁链。”合同和法律是直接联系在一起的。

  在《威尼斯商人》所叙说的那个时代,合同等同于法律,仍然是一项普遍的原则。古罗马的法谚“合意创立法律”(consensus facitius)几乎是全欧通行的原则。法国13世纪《博韦的习俗和惯例》还有“合同胜过法律”之说。因此只要是立约人当时是自己作出承诺的,无论是多么不合理的合同,按照“买方自应注意”(caveat emptor)的原则,就只能自认倒霉。即使是像夏洛克和安东尼奥之间这样的合同,依旧被认为和法律一样具有强制力。法庭只能严格依照当事人原先约定的合同文字的字面意义进行判决,赋予强制执行,不能对合同本身自行作出解释。

  因为合同等于法律,违约等于违法,违约不偿就会遭到严厉处罚。古罗马《十二表法》规定债权人可以把债务人出卖为奴,甚至在有多位债权人的情况下,可以把债务人砍成几块。14世纪德意志法律规定,债权人有权掀掉无力偿还债务的债务人家的房顶。中世纪维也纳城市法律规定,债权人有权将违约的债务人剥到只剩下一件衬衣。即使在黑死病流行的时候,神父在为临终者做忏悔时可以赦免所有的罪恶,惟独不得赦免临终者欠下的债务。在19世纪中叶以前,绝大多数西欧国家都设有专门的负债人监狱,用来关押还不清债务的债务人。

  《威尼斯商人》所反映的这种合同等于法律的现象,是西欧中世纪的法文化特有的现象。由于这样的法文化的背景,一个人在生意上丧失信用、不能及时还清债务,就会被世俗蔑视,所以在大仲马的《基督山伯爵》里,当摩莱尔公司不能兑现自己开出的期票时,父子二人竟然打算自杀,“用血来洗清耻辱”。应该说这一习俗对于后来西欧资本主义的发展是有积极意义的。

类别:无关的想法 | 评论(1) | 浏览()
 
2009-08-23 18:47
发信人: lesliepaul(leslie), 信区: love
标 题: 老爸YC的爱情比喻
发信站: 饮水思源 (2009年08月23日00:07:16 星期天)

5小时前老爸就失恋事件跟我谈心,他说:

感情就想开车,什么车和什么乘客都是搭配着来的。你的车要去“幸福”的,人家想去“
财富”,自然就不会搭你的车。也有的人想去“幸福”的,但觉得你还要去“奋斗”绕一
圈太远,就自己打的走了。或者愿意跟着你的车绕一圈,但是发现你这车不好看,又没空
调,就会再等一辆。

你到了站台,别看到有那么多人就一定要停,上面可能根本没有属于你的乘客,没人上车
你就果断地往前开,前面的站台会有人等,别浪费时间。如果你非要等非要拉上来一个,
半路也会下去换车。

而你现在就是这么一辆车,一辆外表普通的小巴,但是里面有最好的设施,有温度最适宜
的空调,但这些你都不要告诉别人,只有想坐这辆车的人才会上来然后发现,如果有些人
因为这些设施上来,最后也只能因为目的地不同而无奈下车。你这辆车会先到“奋斗”,
然后“成功”,再到“财富”和“幸福”。告诉站台上的所有人,如果不想去“奋斗”的
,不要上车,自己找直达的车,因为你要在那边停很久。
类别:无关的想法 | 评论(0) | 浏览()
 
2009-08-18 00:14

话说回来的时候看见了不错的景色。

海天苍茫间。

苍青色的大海,颜色如最上好的玉石,沉郁的颜色,温润丝华,让人迷醉。

粉红色的闪电直直的劈入天地间

要不是来这么一趟,很多景色都看不到。

夏日的雨来的很清爽,我在洋山港口仰头看着那些红色的庞然巨物,觉得偶尔的停留也不错。刻意忽视因为迷糊没有赶上那班车的错误。

后来车子行驶在跨海大桥上,远远的看见了大陆的轮廓,在踏上大陆的那一刻风停雨歇,阳光普照大地。所以说,我一直是个很幸运的家伙。小斯说:欢迎从海上归来的家伙,你们也算是“海龟”了~

回来后的日子一直很阳光,洗了两天衣服,拖着疲惫的身子去逛了趟街,买了条怡然口中说的可以穿着去参加相约星期六的华丽浅红连衣裙。整个夏天我只买了裙子。

遇见的每一个人都欣喜的对我说:“你回来了?”也有人说,小岛的太阳没把你晒黑嘛。。一副颇遗憾的样子。又不是托斯卡纳的艳阳,那是邹宝宝的梦想。

走的时候给她发了条短信,说:“我去挣咱们孩子的奶粉钱了”。她激动不已,说这辈子没有人跟她说过“咱们孩子”这样的字眼,许诺我以后会去泰国变性。回来以后——我说:咱们把奶粉钱先预支吃顿大餐吧!她说:好啊,这样你就可以用母乳喂养孩子了……囧,每次她都是那么的有才华。。后来我们俩在饭馆里摸着吃的圆鼓鼓的肚子,相对无言。。。那个叫小李子餐馆的红烧肉还不错,烧的有我妈的七成功力。

回来后,一切都不着急。按部就班的看着书,开心的看着每一个人,大家都对我越发的好了,这不是我的错觉吧?

中午顶着一点钟的太阳跑去东川路地铁站附近的理发店剪头发,就为了他剪的最好看,也为了和他聊聊天。每个月一次雷打不动的一个人跑去剪头发,去聊天。我习惯了一个人在晚上或者中午出现,在我郁闷却不想让人知道的时候出现。真要仔细想想,可能是为了避免物种多样化遭到破坏而需要从单一环境中蹦跶出来的渴求吧~~我们天南地北的聊,就是不聊自己。

学姐说的很恶毒:你就这样继续当个“单身公害”,又没什么不好。

猜测自己下一秒的际遇,明天会遇见的人,很是有趣。

类别:无关的想法 | 评论(4) | 浏览()
 
2009-08-08 11:55

"This is a chance of a life time," I declared to my friend Stacy as I locked the door of my office and left the restaurant I managed. "It's every twenty-seven-year-old woman's dream to live in New York City, and in a few months I'll know if I get the transfer."

"这可是我生命中的一次机遇,"我对斯泰西说。说着,我锁上办公室的门,离开了我经营多年的饭店。在纽约生活,这可是每个27岁的女人所梦寐以求的.还有几个月我就可以知道能否获准迁入。

I watched the moonlight glisten on the waters of Laguna Beach. "I'll miss it here, but living in the Big Apple is everything I've ever wanted - a dream come true."

我凝视着倒映在拉古纳湾水面上的月光。"我很留恋这里,可住在纽约是长久以来我心中惟一的梦想--如今,美梦就要成真了!"

We met a group of our friends at a local cafe, and I jabbered on about the possibility of my move. Laughter erupted from a nearby table. I watched as a handsome man captured the attention of his friends with his engaging story. His broad, warm smile and air of confidence held me in a trance. Stacy nudged me. "You're staring,

在街上的一家小咖啡店里,我们遇到了一群朋友,我便和他们闲聊着我可能要走的事。这时,邻近的一张桌子爆发出阵阵笑声。我应声望去,看见一个英俊的男人正在给他的朋友讲一个引人人胜的故事。他那坦率、温暖的笑容和自信的模样让我不由地发怔。 斯泰西轻轻地捅了我一下,说道:"嘿,米歇尔,你发什么呆,好像着魔了一样。"

Michelle, and about to drool." "Wow," I whispered. I watched the gorgeous guy push up the sleeves of his bulky sweater. Everyone at his table had their eyes fixed on him. "That's the man I want to marry." "Yeah, right," Stacy droned. "Tell us more about where you'd like to live in New York, because we all plan to visit you there when you land this job. " As I spoke my gaze drifted back to the debonair man.

我看着那英俊的家伙卷起他那宽松外套的衣袖。他桌边的同伴都全神贯注地望着他。我轻呼道;"哦!那正是我要嫁的男人。""的确不错,"斯泰西说。"不过,还是快说说你在纽约打算住哪儿?要知道我们都打算等你工作定了去那儿看你。" 我回答着她的问题,目光却不由自主地移向那个神采飞扬的男人。

Three months later my friends and I gathered at the same restaurant. "To life in the Big Apple!" they cheered as we tapped our glasses together. "My chance of a lifetime!" We talked for hours. I told them of my plan to save money by moving out of my beach cottage and renting a room for the few remaining months. Our friend offered, "I have a fellow South African friend who is considering renting one of the four bedrooms in his house. His name is Barry. A great guy." He scribbled on a napkin. "This is his number. He's a forty-two-year-old confirmed bachelor. Says he's much too busy being a single dad to be a husband."

三个月后,我和朋友又相聚在同一家餐厅里。我们互相碰杯,欢呼道:"为了纽约的新生活!"我们聊了几个小时,我总说这是我生命中的一次机遇。我告诉他们为省钱我决定搬出海边的小木屋,准备在离开前的几个月内租一间房间住。"我有一个来自南非的朋友,"一个朋友主动提出,"他叫巴里,是个很不错的家伙。""这是他的电话,"他在一张餐巾纸上写下了号码。"他是个42岁坚定的单身主义者。他戏言自己忙于做一个单身父亲而没有时间再做丈夫。"

I made an appointment to see the room the same day. I approached the entrance of the spacious house, and the door opened. "You must be Michelle," he said. He pushed up the sleeves of his bulky sweater and flashed his handsome smile. It was the man from the restaurant months before --- the man I wanted to marry.

当天,我便预约去看房子。我正朝那所大房子走去时,门开了。"你一定是米歇尔,"他说着,卷起他宽松外套的衣袖,脸上漾起迷人的微笑。这不就是几个月前饭店里的那个男人--那个我想要嫁的男人!

I stood staring, my mouth gaping, hoping I wasn't drooling.

我目瞪口呆地站在那里,希望自己没有失态。

"You are Michelle, aren't you? " he said, coaxing me out of my trance." Would you like to see the room?"

"你就是米歇尔,对吗?"他打断了我的思绪,说道:"你想看看房间吗?"

A Chance of a lifetime

生命的机遇(2)

I followed him through a tour of the house, then accepted when he offered me a cup of tea. Barry had a sophisticated kindness about him and listened attentively as I chattered nervously about myself. His silver-rimmed glasses accented a few gray streaks in his dark hair. Soon, his warm, inviting smile put me at ease, and we spent the next two hours talking casually. Ultimately, I decided not to take the room and reluctantly bade him good-bye.

我便随着他参观了一下房子,并接受了他的邀请,喝了一杯茶。巴里沉稳而耐心,他专心地听我喋喋不休地谈论着自己。他那银镶边的眼镜使他深色头发中的几缕白发格外醒目。很快,他灿烂、热情的微笑令我放松。在接下来的两个小时里,我们随意地聊着。最后,我决定不租那房间,并依依不舍地和他道别。

The months went by quickly while I busied myself with preparation for the move. I thought of Bany often, but couldn't consider calling him.

之后,我整天忙于搬家的事,几个月飞快地过去了。这段日子里,尽管我常常想到巴里,却不曾想过要打电话给他。

"I'm moving to New York in three weeks, "I said to Stacy as we walked out of my office and into the dining area. "As much as I'd like to see him again, it would only complicate my life.

一天,当我和斯泰西离开我的办公室走向饭厅时,我说:"再过三个星期,我就要去纽约了,再见他一面,只会使我的生活变得一团糟。"

"Well, brace yourself for complications," Stacy muttered, then nodded toward the door. Barry, with his big blue eyes and engaging smile, walked into my restaurant.

"那么,就让它一团糟吧!"斯泰西低语道,朝着门那边点了点头。是巴里,他用那双蔚蓝色的眼睛望着我,脸上带着摄人心魄的微笑,走进了饭店。

"Hello," he said softly. "Do you have time to join me for a cup of coffee?"

"Of course." I tried not to gasp.

"你好,"他温柔地说道。"现在有空喝杯咖啡吗?quot;

"当然!"我试着不让自己窒息。

We slid into a booth and our conversation picked up where it left off before. He, too, was making a career change and was moving back to South Africa. His departure date was one week before mine. Now I knew I had to calm my pounding heart. We obviously had no future together. He took my phone number and invited me to dinner sometime. I accepted, suppressing my sadness, knowing I would be leaving in two short weeks and the date would probably never happen.

我们拐进了一家路边小店,接着上次的话题聊了起来。从他的谈话中,我得知他也正要换一份工作,回到南非去。他的行程先于我一个星期。现在我明白我必须让自己冲动的心冷静一下。很明显,我们俩不会有结果。他问了我的电话号码,说以后会请我吃饭。我强忍着悲痛接受了,因为我知道两个星期后我将离开,这可能是永远都无法实现的约会。

But it did. He picked me up a few days later for a movie and dinner. We talked for hours about our lives, our hopes, our separate dreams--- mine in New York, his in South Africa. Never had I spoken so freely, so comfortably, with a man. He reached across the table and took my hand. I thought I saw in his eyes the same love l felt swelling in my hear. He said, "I'm just sorry I met you only one week before l leave."

可它竟然实现了!几天后,他来接我,我们一起看电影,吃晚饭。我们聊了几个小时,聊生活,聊希望,聊我们各自的梦想--我的在纽约,而他的在南非。我从不曾和一个男人谈得如此畅快,如此舒服。他握住我的手。从他的眼神里,我想我看到了正在我心中急剧膨胀的爱。他说。"我真的很遗憾,走前的一个星期才遇到你。"

"We still have seven days, " I said meekly.

"可我们还有整整七天。"我无限深情地答道。

"Then let's make the most of it." He helped me on with my sweater. Hand in hand, we strolled to the car and made plans for the next day and the next and the next. As he drove me home, Tracy Chapman sang, "Give me one reason to stay, and I'll turn right back around." Was his heart singing along like mine?

"那么就让我们充分地享受它们吧,"说着,他帮我穿上外套。我们手牵着手走向汽车,计划着我们的明天以及明天的明天。在他开车送我回家的路上,我心中响起了特蕾西·查普曼的歌? "给我一个留下的理由,我将会回头……"。不知他心里是否也在和我一起歌唱呢?

A Chance of a lifetime

生命的机遇(3)

We spent part of every day together for the next week. I knew I was falling in love, but dared not speak it. I couldn't upset our chances for a lifetime.

在之后的一个星期里,我们每天都会抽时间在一起。我深知自己已坠入了爱河,可却没有胆量说出来。我不愿因此而破坏我们各自生活中的良机。

" And I know he loves me, too," l moaned to Stacy over a cup of coffee in my near-empty restaurant. "We've even talked about trying to get together over holidays. He's meeting me here soon to bring me a gift to remember him by."

"我知道,他也爱我,"当我和斯泰西在我那已快人去楼空的餐厅里喝咖啡时,我轻声说。"我们甚至已经在计划假期如何一起度过。他很快就要上这儿来,送我一件礼物做纪念。"

Just then, Bary strolled in. I stood to welcome his arms around me. We sat, sipping our coffee. "I will miss you so much, "he said softly. "But I know you'll think of me whenever you hear this. "He placed a Tracy Chapman CD on the table in front of me. Then he pointed to the song title, Just Give Me One Reason. "We can listen to the same music and remember each other."

正说着,巴里走了进来。我站起来,投人他的怀抱。坐下后,我们各自抿着杯中的咖啡。"我会想你的,"他无限温存地说道。"不过,我想当你听它的时候一定会想起我,"他拿出那张特蕾西·查普曼的CD放在我的面前,他指着那首主打歌《我只要一个理由》,说道:"当我们听同一首歌时,我们都正在思念着对方。

"Oh, and one more thing to remember me by." He set a small box on top of the CD. The same awe I felt at our first meeting paralyzed me now. The love I saw in his eyes as we gazed across the table was gift enough for a lifetime. Finally I reached for the box and opened it slowly. A diamond ring!

"对了,还有一样东西。"他拿出一个小盒子放在CD上。我好像第一次见他那样完全怔住了。我们彼此凝望,他眼中的爱意是我一生都受用不尽的礼物。最后,我拿起那只盒子,慢慢地打开了它。一枚钻石戒指!

"Michelle, I have loved you from the first moment I saw you. On our first date, even before we had coffee, l knew you were the woman I was going to marry. I woke up this morning, desperate, thinking, it's May 3! In three days I'll lose my angel. Sure, my career in South Africa is a chance in a lifetime, but you, Michelle, are my dream come true. Please marry me."

"米歇尔,我见到你的第一眼便深深地爱上了你。在我们第一次约会之前,不,甚至在我们一起喝咖啡之前,我已经知道你是我要娶的女人。今天早上,我睁开眼睛,一想到已经是5月3号,我绝望极了,再过三天,我将失去我的大使。的确,在非洲的事业是我生命中的一个转机。可是你。米歇尔,让我的梦想成真。请嫁给我吧,亲爱的米歇尔?quot;

"Yes, Barry, yes, "I cried. "

"噢,是的,巴里,是的,我同意!"我流着泪答道。

I know what moving to New York means to you, but will you come with me to South Africa? I believe with all my heart, Michelle, that we were brought together on purpose. Nothing in my life is going as I planned it, but l know it's all a part of a bigger plan." Barry chuckled. "God has a great sense of humor, but a poor sense of timing."

"我知道到纽约对你意味着什么,可是你能到南非和我一同生活吗?我深深地感到,米歇尔,我们的相遇是上天的安排。我生活中的许多事都与计划背道而驰。可我相信那都是一个更大计划的组成部分?quot;巴里笑言:"上帝的确够幽默,可却不太会安排时间。"

Exactly one year later, on May 3, we were married under an African sky. Our dream come true. Our chance of a lifetime.

一年后的5月3号,我和巴里在南非的天空下举行了婚礼。我们都梦想成真,也不曾错过我们生命中的机遇。
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2009-08-04 20:45

金谷园
杜牧

繁华事散逐香尘, 流水无情草自春。
日暮东风怨啼鸟, 落花犹似坠楼人。

这首诗告诉我们,跳楼要备好服装选好时间地点。。。

今天琢磨了下自己和牛人的差距,牛人看大段的英文法律原著,我看小本的国内某教授写的某研究,还通常看不完。牛人在外资所拿一天500RMB的工资,我还在找下一份实习觉得赏个路费就算那律所慷慨大方了。然后怡然说,你不如找那牛人做男朋友好了,一切就解决了。。

继续背单词。。。花两年时间不知道能不能到达一个程度。

今天办公室主任生儿子发了每人2个鸡蛋。没什么新鲜事儿了,或者是懒得去回忆的。突然成为一个上进的孩子我也很惊讶。

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