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Chanukah是一个从Kislev这一月25日开始,为期8天的犹太节日。它代表了一个属于犹太人的奇迹般的胜利,纪念了由马可比家族带领的犹太人反抗希腊人的迫害和宗教镇压,并最终取得胜利的故事。除了战场上取得的以少胜多的胜利,还有一个奇迹发生了。当人们再次回到圣殿的时候,他们仅仅找到了一瓶还没被希腊人defile过,可用来点燃圣殿烛台的橄榄油,而这一小瓶就只够燃1天的橄榄油持续燃了整整8天,给他们足够的时间准备好新的ritually pure的橄榄油来点燃圣殿的Menorah。为了纪念这个奇迹,犹太人每年都在8天的Chanukah期间点燃一盏Menorah。 今年(犹太历5770)的Chanukah从12月11日的晚上开始,一直到12月19日结束。第一晚点燃Chanukah Menorah[1]的一支,第二晚点燃两支,以此类推,直到第八晚的时候,八支都被点燃,还加上一支Shamash[2]。蜡烛(或橄榄油)从最右边开始放,按照从右到左的顺序类推,点燃时则从左往右点。如果是第三晚,第三晚增加的那支先点,接着点第二晚增加的那支,最后才点第一晚那支。Chanukah light 一般在日落之后点燃,有些communities在nightfall[3]之后才点,也就是日落30分钟之后,而且所用的蜡烛(或橄榄油)必需能够持续燃烧nightfall之后30分钟。但遇上安息日的时候,从星期五日落到星期六nightfall这段时间禁止点火,所以在星期五晚上,Chanukah light要在安息日蜡烛之前点燃。因为安息日蜡烛一般在日落前18分钟点燃,而Chanukah light又必须持续燃烧至nightfall之后30分钟,星期五晚上的Chanukah light从点燃到熄灭需要持续大约1 ½ 小时,所以星期五的晚上不能用传统的只够燃30分钟的Chanukah蜡烛(或橄榄油),需要加量。在星期六晚上,必须等到nightfall安息日结束之后才能点燃Chanukah light,一般在Havdalah之后点燃。 点Chanukah light时的祷文: Blessed are You, L-rd our G-d, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments, and commanded us to kindle the Chanukah light. Blessed are You, L-rd our G-d, King of the universe, who performed miracles for our forefathers in those days, at this time. 在Chanukah的第一个晚上,今年是星期五下午(2009年12月11日),或者这是你第一次在Chanukah行这个mitzvah,加上以下祷文: Blessed are You, L-rd our G-d, King of the universe, who has granted us life, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this occasion. 犹太人会在这个节日诵读Hallel和Al HaNissim祷文来赞美感谢Hashem。节日的8天里,每天晨祷时诵读完整的Hallel,并在Amidah立祷和Grace after Meals(饭后祷告)里加了V’al Hanissim (“And for the miracles…”)这一段。V’al Hanissim[4]总结了马可比胜利的奇迹,并感谢Hashem的“miracles, redemption, mighty deeds, saving acts and wonders”,完整地祷文请参见注释。 传统的Chanukah食物有土豆煎饼,油炸圈饼,乳制品食物。 在节日期间,犹太人还会给孩子钱(give gelt),以此教育他们要多给Charity,多做好事。希腊人想用他们的文化和价值来同化犹太人,并以牺牲托拉和神的律法为代价,在当时也有许多犹太人被希腊化。战争胜利后,犹太人必须重新教育他们的同胞,重新建立托拉价值体系。因此,Chanukah和教育也有着很深的联系。 Dreidel是Chanukah期间比较传统的游戏。Professional已经作了介绍,请参看http://www.douban.com/group/topic/7296321/。
[1] Chanukah Menorah (Hanukiah) 非常特殊,整个烛台共有9支,而传统的圣殿Menorah只有7支。这9支中有一支特别高,这支就用来放Shamash。 [2] Shamash又叫 “attendant candle”,是专门用来点燃另外8支蜡烛(或橄榄油)。 [3] 犹太律法对nightfall的定义通常是3颗中等大小的星星出现在天空中。 [4] And (we thank You) for the miracles, for the redemption, for the mighty deeds, for the saving acts, and for the wonders which You have wrought for our ancestors in those days, at this time – In the days of Matityahu, the son of Yochanan the High Priest, the Hasmonean and his sons, when the wicked Hellenic government rose up against Your people Israel to make them forget Your Torah and violate the decrees of Your will. But You, in Your abounding mercies, stood by them in the time of their distress. You waged their battles, defended their rights, and avenged the wrong done to them. You delivered the mighty into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of the few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the wicked into the hands of the righteous, and the wanton sinners into the hands of those who occupy themselves with Your Torah. You made a great and holy name for Yourself in Your world, and effected a great deliverance and redemption for Your people Israel to this very day. Then Your children entered the shrine of Your House, cleansed Your Temple, purified Your Sanctuary, kindled lights in Your holy courtyards, and instituted these eight days of Chanukah to give thanks and praise to Your great name. |

