network 网络,电路 aforementioned 上述的;前面提到的 resistor 电阻器 represent 代表;表示;阐明 inductor 电感器 amplify 放大 capacitor 电容器 symbolic 符号的;记号的 passive network无源网络 mesh 网孔 active network 有源网络 loop current 回路电流 characteristics特性(的);特性曲线 voltage drop 电压降 Ohm 欧姆 in series串联 Faraday法拉第 variable变量 electric charge电荷 differential微分的;微分 integral积分 outline (画)轮廓;提出……的要求 increment 增量 eliminate 消除;对消; armature电枢 parameter 参数
pulsate 脉动;跳动;振动 delta三角形(物)armatur电枢;加强 geometry 几何学apparatus 装置windings 线coil 绕组 polarity极性rated设计的neutral中性线generator发电机 subscript角注distribution 分配 succeed 接替interconnect互相连接 intersection 相交 ;逻辑乘法emf (electromotive force) 电动势 phase sequence 相序
wye 星形联结 reverse 交换极性transistor 晶体管 germanium 锗semiconductor 半导体 silicon 硅 dope掺入 polarity 极性 predominance 优势 bipolar双向的crystal 晶体lead引线substitution代替 cylindrical 圆柱形的
detector 探测器 can 密封外壳bias 偏压 triangular 三角形
encompass 包含 elongate 延长,拉长 more and less 或多或少
intuitively 直观地 quadratic二次方的at rest 处于平衡状态 significance 意义
excitation激励 overdamped过阻尼phase相位 critically damped 临界阻尼
exponential指数(的)underdampted欠阻尼oscillation 振荡 corresponding 相应的criteria判据 origin原点qualitatively 定性地 dominating pole 主极点complex复数(的) settling time 调节时间
characteristic equation特征方程 overshoot超调factor因子 derivation导数
decay衰减 extreme极端的horizontally水平地 peak time峰值时间
vertically垂直地 substitute代替Routh criterion劳斯判据 rise time上升时间
Hurwitz criterion赫尔维茨判据 gouge挖amplitude振幅 radically完全地
impulse冲激
多媒体 multimedium 传真机 fax 结合 合并 incorporation 视频的 电视的 video
图象光盘 videodisc 聚合体 polymer 留声机 phonograph 数据检索 data retrieval
使的,使变的 render 过时的 obsolete 隔行扫描 interlaced scanning 分辨能力 resolution
敏感的 susceptible 电视电话 videophone 对谈者 colloquist 容纳 accommodate
电视传真 videotex 图文传真 teletex 分页 paging 象素 pixel 压缩 encapsulate
波段宽度 bandwidth 实时 real time 同步的 synchronous 进入 访问 access
可以理解的 accessible 档案 archive 炮弹 artillery shell 人口统计 census
压倒一切的 overwhelming 仓库管理 inventory 伺服控制系统 servo control system
群控系统 group control system 虚拟现实 virtual reality 计算机仿真 conputer simulation
原型机 prototype 性价比 cost-effective 反复的 iterative 交互式的 interactive
步进电动机 step motor 终端执行机构 end effector 从事embark 辅助材料 auxiliary material
规格 specification 机床 machine tool 加工余量 allowance for finish 不动产 real estate
综合的 comprehensive 异步的 asynchronous 拓扑结构 topology
发射机应答器 transponder 僵化的 stereotyped 知识库 knowledge base
知识工程 knowledge base 专家系统 expert system 抛射的 projectile 电容器 condenser
消散 dissipate 发射,放射 emanate 排风机 ventilator 大型计算机 mainframe
二进制的 binary 寄存器 register 算法 algorithm 地址码 address code
指令计数器 instruction counter 起始地址 initial address 目的地址 destination address
转移指令 transfer instruction 印制电路板 printed circuit board 集成电路 integrated circuit
插座 socket 硅芯片 silicon chip 功能电路 fuctional circuit 多用途的 versatile
离散的 discrete 面板控制台 console 前面板 front panel 监控 monitor 排除故障 debug
分配 allocation 多道程序设计 multiprogramming 分时 time-sharing 实时 real-time
机器码 machine code 编译程序 compiler 存储程序 stored program 输入设备 input device
中央处理器 central processing unit 输出设备 output device 工作站 workstation
主存储器 primary storage memory 辅助存储器 secondary storage memory
算术逻辑部件 arithmetic-logic unit 磁带机 magnetic tape drive 显示屏 display screen
外围设备 peripheral 调度 schedule 电子信息 electronic messages(mail)
局域网 local communication networks 共享资源 shared resource 激增 proliferate
不考虑的 irrespective 附加的 attached 协议 protocol 根本的 underlying
可分解的 factored 相位 argument 奇偶倍 (odd)even multiple 曲线图 plot
促进 facilitate 一致 coincide 渐进线 asymptote 整数 integer 相交 intersect
实轴 real axis 对称的 symmetrical 分离点 breakaway point 汇合点 arrival angle
出射角 departure angle 入射角 arrival angle 串联的 series 虚轴 imaginary
被动的 passive 主动的 active 相位超前 phase-lead 相位滞后 phase-lag
人工智能 AI 公共数据交换网 PSDN 专用局域网 Private LAN
大规模集成 VLSI 信息卫星传输网 PSTN 集成服务数字网 ISDN
passive network无源网络
active network有源网络
loop current回路电流
equivalent electrical circuit等效电路
differential equition微分方程
electrical degrees电角度
phase sequence相序
filter circuit滤波电路
short circuit短路
conduct current引导电流
common base共基极
common emitter共射极
characteristic equation特征方程
Routh criterion劳斯判据
Hurwitz cricuit赫尔维兹判据
dominating pole主极点
settling time调节时间
peak time峰值时间
critically damped临界阻尼
rise time上升时间
discrete time离散时间
steady-state response稳态响应
impulse response冲激响应
frequency domain频域
time domain时域
transient response状态响应
transport lag传输延迟
transer function传递函数
forced solution 强制解
transient solution瞬时解
root locus跟轨迹
odd multiple奇数倍
even multiple偶数倍
real axis实轴
breakaway point分离点
arrival point汇合点
departure angle出射角
arrival angle入射角
imaginary axis虚轴
magnitade criteria幅值指标
vector angle失量角
loop gain function环增益函数
steady-error稳态误差
machine-code机器码
distributed communities o computers分布式计算机
stored pogram储存程序
input device输入设备
central processing unit中央处理器
primary storege(memory)主存储器
secondary storagel(memory)辅助存储器
arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑部件
magnetic tape drive磁带机
display screen显示屏
electronic message(mail)电子信息,邮件
local communication networks局域网
shared resource共享资源
private LAN专用局域网
logic inerenece逻辑推理
step motor步进电动机
end efector终端执行机构
data retrieval数据检索
interlaced scanning隔行扫描
1-1-A电子网络
一个电路或电网络由以某种方式连接在一起的电阻、电感和电容等元件组成。An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors,inductors,and capacitors connected together in some manner.如果网络中不包含电池组或发电机等能量源,就叫做无源网络。If the network contains no energy sources,such as batteries or electrical generators,it is known as a passive network.相反,如果存在一个或多个能量源,结果就组成了有源网络。On the other hand,if one or more energy sources are present,the resultant combination is an active network.在研究电网络行为的过程中,我们主要对确定存在于电路中的电压和电流感兴趣。In studying the bahavior of an electrical network,we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit .对于一个由无源电路元件组成的网络,我们必须首先定义这些元件的电子特性。Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements, we must first define the electrical characteristics of these elements.
就电阻而言,电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定,欧姆定律指出,导体两端的电压等于流过电阻的电流乘以电阻值。In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm's law,which states than the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resestance .数学上表达为: ,u——电压,单位伏特;i——电流,单位安培;R——电阻,单位欧姆。Mathematically ,this is expressed as u=iR
wher u=voltage,V;i=current,A;R=resistance.
纯电感两端的电压由法拉第定律决定,它指出,电杆两端的电压于流过电感的电流的时间变化率呈正比。The voltage across a pure inductor is defined by Faraday's law, which states that the voltage across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change with time of the current through the inductor.
1-1-B三项电路Three-phase Circuits
三相电路仅仅是三个连接在一起的单项电路。A three-phase circuit is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.因此,通过把单相的规则应用于三相电路的组成部分,就可以得到平衡三项电路的电压、电流和功率关系。Because of this fact, current,voltage,and power relations of balanced three-phase circuits may be studied by the application of single-phase rules to the component parts of the three-phase circuit.这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路难不了多少。Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits.
使用三相电路的原因Reasons for Use of Three-phase Circuits
在单相电路中,功率是脉动量。In a single-phase circuit ,the power is of a pulsating nature.单位功率因数下,单项电路的功率每周期两次为零。`At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 当功率因数小于1时,功率每周期部分为负。When the power factor is less than unity, the power is negative during parts of each cycle.虽然供应三相电路每一相的功率是脉动的,但可以证明供应一个平衡三相电路的三相总功率是不变的。When the power factor is less than unity, the power is negative during parts of each cycle.因此,但以上,三相设备的性能优于那些类似的单相设备。Because of this, the characteristics of three-phase apparatus , in general,are superior to those of similar single-phase apparatus.
三相机械和控制设备与相同容量的单相设备相比,更小、重量更轻、效率更高。Three-phase machinery and control equipment are smaller, lighter in weight, and more efficient than single-phase equipment of the same rated capacity.除了三相系统提供的上述优点外,同样功率下,三相功率的配电是单项系统所需铜线量的3/4。In addition to the above-mentioned advantages offered by a three-phase system, the distribution of three-phase power requires only three-fourths as much line copper as does the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power.
三相电压的产生Generation of Three-phase Voltages
三相电路由三个交互的电动势供电,这三个电动势频率相同,相位上相差120电角度。A three-phase electric ciruit is energized by three alternating emfs of the same frequency and differing in time phase by 120 electrical degrees.三个正弦电动式如图1-1B-1所示。Three such sine-wave emfs are shown in Fig.1-1B-1.它们在交流发电机的三个独立的电枢绕组内产生。这三个绕组在电机电枢上相隔120电角度放置。These emfs are generated in three separate sets of coils are mounted 120 electrical degrees apart on the generator armature.可以将所有绕组的两端引出发电机以组成三个独立的单相电路。The coil ends may all be brought out of the generator to form three separate single-phase circuits.然而,一般来说把绕组在内部或外部互相联结以形成三相三线制或三相四线制系统。However,the coils are ordinarily interconnected either intenally or externally to form a three wire or four-wire three-phase system.
三相发电机的绕组有两种连接方式,一般来说,任何种类的设备连接到三相电路都有两种方式。Three are two ways of connecting the coils of three-phase generators,and in general,three are two ways of connecting devices of any sort to a three-phase circuit.它们是星型连接和三角型连接。These are the wye-connection and the delta-connection.大多数发电机采用星型连接,但负载既可以是星型连接也可以是三角连接。Most generators are wye-connected,but loads may be either wye-connected or dellta-connected.
PART2 UNIT2
A 稳定性和时域响应Stability and the time response
简介introduction
连续或离散时间系统的稳定性由对输入或扰动的响应决定。The stability of a continuous or discrete-time system is determined by its response to inputs or disturbance.直观上看,一个若没有外部源激励就处于稳定(或平衡)状态,若移除所有激励就回到平衡状态的系统是稳定的。Intuitively, a stable system is one that remains at rest unless excited by an external source and returns to rest if all excitations are removed.它的输出经历一个暂态过程并安定于稳态响应,这个响应与输入同形式或由输入限制。The output will pass through a transient phase and settle down to a steady-state response that will be of the same form as, or bounded by, the input. 如果我们把相同的输入应用于一个不稳定系统,输出永远不会居于稳定状态;它将以一种不受限的方式增大,通常是指数或增幅振荡的方式。If we apply the same input to an unstable system, the output will never settle down to a steady-state phase; it will increase in an unbounded manner, usually exponentially or with oscillations of increasing amplitude.
稳定性可以用一个连续系统的冲激响应yδ(t)的术语精准的定义 。如下:Stability can be precisely defined in terms of the impulse response y(t) of a continuous system , response y(k) of a discrete-time system, as follows
一个连续(离散时间)系统,如果它的冲激响应y(t)在时间无穷大时趋近于零,那么这个系统是稳定的。A continuous system is stable if its impulse response y(t) approaches zero as tine approaches infinity.
一个可行的系统最少要满足三个基本判据:稳定性、准确性、令人满意的暂态响应。An acceptable system must at minimum satisfy the three basic criteria of stability, accuracy, and a satisfactory transient response.一个可行的系统必须有一个令人满意的时间响应以详细说明输入和扰动,这个声明暗示了这三条判据。These three criteria are implied in the statement that an acceptable system must have a satisfactory time response to specified inputs and disturbances.因此,虽然我们为求便利工作在拉普拉斯域或频域,但是我们必须至少能定性地把这两种域和时域联系起来。So ,although we work in the Laplace and frequency domains for convenience, we must be able to relate these two domains, at least qualitatively, to the time domain.
事实上,拉普拉斯域可以提供一些信息,它包括:稳定和非稳定系统的暂态响应、稳定系统的稳态响应。In face, the Laplace domain can provides information about the transient response of both stable and unstable systems and about the steady-state response of stable systems.本文主要涉及了在拉普拉斯域和时域相应——特别是暂态响应——的关系,及在拉普拉斯域中详细的系统稳定性判据的建立。This article is concerned with relating the Laplace domain to the time response with emphasis on the transient response, and with establishing specific criteria in the Laplace domain for system stability.下篇文章中我们将讨论准确性,在后续的单元中则是频域响应。Accuracy will be treated in the next article, and the frequency response in the subsequent units.
特征方程
系统对任何输入的时域响应可表达为The time response of a system to any input can be expressed as
Css(t)为稳态响应,Ctr(t)为暂态响应,Where is the steady-state response and is the transient response.
如果系统不稳定,就没有稳态响应而只有暂态响应。If the system is unstable, there will be no steady-state response, only a transient response.
不考虑传输延迟,系统的传递函数可以表达为拉普拉斯复变量s的多项式的比例的形式。Without transport lag,the transfer function of a system can be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in the complex Laplace variables;
PART3 UNIT1
A 计算机与网络基础Fundamentals of computer and networks
计算机系统的组成organization of computer system
计算机是一种快速和准确的符号操作系统,它可以在指令程序的指导下被组织来接收、存储、处理数据并产生结果。A computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data an produce out put results under the direction of a stored program of instructions.这一部分解释了为什么计算机是一个系统,它是怎样构成的。This section explains why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized.一个计算机系统的核心部分包括输入、处理和输出设备。Key elements in a computer system include input, processing, and output devices.让我们详细研究系统的每一部分。Let’s examine each component of the system in more detail.
输入设备 某些输入设备允许直接人机对话,而另一些则需要先将数据存储在诸如磁性材料等输入介质上。Computer systems use many devices for input purpose. Some INPUT DEVICES allow direct human/machine communication, while some first require data to be recorded on an input medium such as a magnetizable material.那些能磁性读取存储在经过特殊塑封的磁带或塑料软盘上数据的设备很流行。Devices that read data magnetically recorded on specially coated plastic tapes or flexible or floppy plastic disks are popular.与计算机直接(或联机)连接的工作站键盘是一个直接输入设备的例子。The keyboard of a workstation connected directly to a computer is an example of a direct input device. 其他的直接输入设备包括鼠标、输入笔、触摸屏和麦克风。Additional direct input devices include the mouse, input pen touch screen, and microphone.不考虑设备的用途,它们都是人和计算机系统通译和对话的组件。Regardless of the type of device used, all are components for interpretation and communication between people and computer systems.
中央处理单元 Central Processing Unit 任何计算机系统的心脏是中央处理单元(CPU)。The heart of any computer system is the central processing-unit在一个典型的个人计算机系统的CPU中可以发现三个主要部分:主存储单元、算术逻辑单元和控制单元。There are three main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system; the primary storage section, the arithmetic-logic section, and the control section.但这三部分不是个人电脑专有的。But these three sections aren’t unique to personal computers.在所有类型的CPU中都可以发现它们的存在。They are found in CPUs of all sizes.
输入设备 类似输入设备,输出设备是各种类型的计算机系统和人通译和对话的工具。Like input units, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer systems of all sizes. 这些设备从CPU中以机器码的形式采集输出结果,并把它们转化为某种形式,它可以(a)由人使用(例如一个打印的和/或显示的结果)或(b)用作另一个处理循环的机器输入码。These devices take output results form the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used(a) by people or as machine input in another processing cycle.
在个人计算机系统中,显示屏和桌面打印机是流行的输出设备。In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular out put devices.更大和更快的打印机,许多联机工作站和磁带机通常可以在更大的系统中发现。:Larger and faster printers, many online workstations, and magnetic tape drives are commonly found in larger systems.
输入/输出和扶助存贮部件有时被称为外围设备(或外设)。The input/output and secondary storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices.这个术语涉及了一个事实,那就是虽然这些设备不是CPU的组成部分,但它们通常置于它附近。另外,一个计算机系统也包括总线、ROM(只读存储器)、RAM(随机存储器)、并行端口和串行端口、硬盘、软盘和CD(压缩碟片)驱动器等。This terminology refers to the fact that although these devices are not a part of the CPU, they are often located near it. Besides, a computer system also includes buses, ROM,RAM, parallel port and serial port, hard disk, floppies and CD drive, and so on.
A
腺苷脱氨酶缺乏症 adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)
腺病毒 adenovirus
Alagille综合征 Alagille syndrome
等位基因 allele
氨基酸 amino acids
动物模型 animal model
抗体 antibody
凋亡 apoptosis
路-巴综合征 ataxia-telangiectasia
常染色体显性 autosomal dominant
常染色体 autosome
B
细菌人工染色体 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
碱基对 base pair
先天缺陷 birth defect
骨髓移植 bone marrow transplantation
BRCA1/BRCA2
C
癌 cancer
后选基因 candidate gene
癌 carcinoma
cDNA文库 cDNA library
细胞 cell
染色体 chromosome
克隆 cloning
密码 codon
天生的 congenital
重叠群 contig
囊性纤维化 cystic fibrosis
细胞遗传图 cytogenetic map
D
缺失 deletion
脱氧核糖核酸 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
糖尿病 diabetes mellitus
二倍体 diploid
DNA复制 DNA replication
DNA测序 DNA sequencing
显性的 dominant
双螺旋 double helix
复制 duplication
E
电泳 electrophoresis
Ellis - van Creveld syndrome
酶 enzyme
外显子 exon
F
家族性地中海热 familial Mediterranean fever
荧光原位杂交 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
脆性X染色体综合征 Fragile X syndrome
G
基因 gene
基因扩增 gene amplification
基因表达 gene expression
基因图谱 gene mapping
基因库 gene pool
基因治疗 gene therapy
基因转移 gene transfer
遗传密码 genetic code (ATGC)
遗传咨询 genetic counseling
遗传图 genetic map
遗传标记 genetic marker
遗传病筛查 genetic screening
基因组 genome
基因型 genotype
种系 germ line
H
单倍体 haploid
haploinsufficiency
造血干细胞 hematopoietic stem cell
血友病 hemophilia
杂合子 heterozygous
高度保守序列 highly conserved sequence
Hirschsprung病 Hirschsprung's disease
纯合子 homozygous
人工染色体 human artificial chromosome (HAC)
人类基因组计划 Human Genome Project
人类免疫缺陷病毒 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/
获得性免疫缺陷综合征 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
huntington舞蹈病 Huntington's disease
杂交 hybridization
I
免疫治疗 immunotherapy
原位杂交 in situ hybridization
继承的 inherited
插入 insertion
知识产权 intellectual property rights
K
敲除 knockout
L
白血病 leukemia
库 library
键、连接 linkage
部位、场所 locus
优势对数评分 LOD score
淋巴细胞 lymphocyte
M
畸形 malformation
描图 mapping
标记 marker
黑色素瘤 melanoma
孟德尔 Mendel, Johann (Gregor)
孟德尔遗传 Mendelian inheritance
信使RNA messenger RNA (mRNA)
[分裂]中期 metaphase
微阵技术 microarray technology
线立体DNA mitochondrial DNA
单体性 monosomy
小鼠模型 mouse model
多发性内分泌瘤病 multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1)
突变 mutation
N
神经纤维瘤病 neurofibromatosis
尼曼-皮克病 Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC)
non-directiveness
RNA印记 Northern blot
核苷酸 nucleotide
神经核 nucleus
O
寡核苷酸 oligo
癌基因 oncogene
P
p53
Parkinson病 Parkinson's disease
专利权 patent
血系/谱系 pedigree
表型 phenotype
物理图谱 physical map
多指畸形/多趾畸形 polydactyly
聚合酶链反应 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
多态性 polymorphism
定位克隆 positional cloning
原发性免疫缺陷 primary immunodeficiency
引物 primer
原核 pronucleus
前列腺癌 prostate cancer
蛋白 protein
R
隐性 recessive
逆转录病毒 retrovirus
核糖核酸 ribonucleic acid (RNA)
核糖体 ribosome
risk communication
S
序列标记位点 sequence-tagged site (STS)
联合免疫缺陷 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
性染色体 sex chromosome
伴性的 sex-linked
体细胞 somatic cells
DNA印记 Southern blot
光谱核型 spectral karyotype (SKY)
替代 substitution
自杀基因 suicide gene
综合征 syndrome
T
技术转让 technology transfer
转基因的 transgenic
易位 translocation
三体型 trisomy
肿瘤抑制基因 tumor suppressor gene
V
载体 vector
W
蛋白质印记 Western blot
Wolfram综合征 Wolfram syndrome
Y
酵母人工染色体 yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
1.Statics:静力学, 静止状态 dynamics: 动力学,原动力 mating:配合,配套,相连的 mating surface:啮合表面,配合表面 gear:齿轮 shaft meshing:啮合,咬合 bearing:轴承,支 承,承载 lever:杠杆 pulley:滑轮,皮带轮,滚筒 cam magnitude:大小,尺寸,量度,数值 compose:组成,构成 journal bearing:滚动轴承,轴颈轴承 squeeze:挤压,压缩 Squeeze out flaking spall:削,割 intuitive:直觉的,本能的 inherent:固有的,本征的 surmise:推测,估计 nevertheless inertial:惯性,惯量 celestial:天体的 celestial boay:天体 incapable deformation:变形,形变 deformable:可变形的,应变的 acceleration:加速度 resultant:组合的,总的 sense scalar:数量,标量 velocity:速度 moment:力矩 momentum:动量 2. ceramics:陶瓷 perceive:感觉,觉察 so as to:更不用说 meld:融合 fasteneing:连接,紧固件Quantitative:数量的,定量的 interactive:相互作用的,相互影响的 iterative:反复的,迭代的 durability:耐久性 pinpoint:针尖 evolve:开展 lucrative:可获利的 Strength of materials:材料力学 approximation:接近 inherent in:固有的 render:提出,描绘 tractable:易处理的 degrade:降低
Prohibitive:禁止的,昂贵的 order of magnitude:数量级 influx:流入 10.physical property:物理性质,物理性能 density:密度 melting point:熔点 specific heat:比热 thermal conductivity:热导率 thermal expansion:热膨胀 corrosion resistance:耐蚀性 lightweight:轻的,重量轻的 specific gravity:比重 recrystallization再结晶 annealing:退火 hot working:热加工 metallurgical:冶金学 thermal gradient:热梯度 inhomogeneous:不均匀的 metalworking:金属加工 shrink fit:冷缩配合 deterioration:恶化 degradation降解 titanium:钛 chromium:铬 protective film:保护膜 adherent:粘附的 12.spindle bearing:主轴轴承 rotational speed:转速 load carrying capacity:承载能力 angular contact bearing roller bearing:滚子轴承 taper roller bearing:圆锥滚子轴承 race:轨道 preload:预紧,预载荷 hybrid:混合物 silicon nitride:氮化硅 roundness:圆度 natural frequency:固有频率 grease:脂,润滑脂 lubrication:润滑 cleanliness:清洁度 axial:轴的,轴向的 radial:径向的 standard equation:标准方程 14. predetermine:预定,注定 kinematics:运动学 long after upgrade:提高等级 hinge on:关键在于 link:环;构件 member:构件 configuration:外形,形状 inextensible:不能扩张的 crank:曲柄 frame :机架 engine block:发动机汽缸体 degree-of-freedom:自由度 translation:平移 pin pin-connected:铰接的 rotation:旋转 designated cylinder:圆柱 piston:活塞 lower and higher pairs:低副和高副 closed kinematic chain:闭式运动链 camshaft凸轮轴 drive传动,驱动 train:系列 undergo transmission:传动装置 differential:有差别的 reference:参照,标准文献 inversion:颠倒,倒置 18.conception:构思 arrangement:配置,布局 seemingly knowing attest:证明,证实 reluctant:不愿的,勉强的 attribute:属性,特征 sound acquaintance:熟悉,了解 foundry:铸造车间 cryogenic:冷冻的,低温的 catalog:目录,种类 stock:原料,材料 custom design:定制设计 empirical:经验的,实验的 aesthetic comparative cost:比较成本 inventiveness:发明创造能力 instinct:本性,本能 effectiveness:效率,效果 energetic as it is host:许多,多数 a host of:许多,一大群 service consultant:顾问,咨询 fascinating:引人入胜 exacting:严格的,苛刻的 22.engineering drawing:工程图样 enormity:巨大 metallic:金属的 finished part:成品零件 service performance:使用性能 rational:理性的,合理的 compete against die casting:压力铸造 zinc-base alloy :锌基合金 injection molding:注塑成型法 translate into:转化为 screen:筛选 statistically:统计学的 retrieve:文献检索 paramount:极为重要的 come down to household appliance low-end:低级的,廉价的 consumer electronics:消费电子产品 26. accessory :附属的,附件 cross slide:横刀架 attach M to N tool post:刀架 peripheral:周围的,外围的 peripheral speed:圆周线速度 feed rate:进给 actuate:开动,驱动 means :方法,方式 jig:夹具 jig borer:坐标镗床 jig and fixture:夹具 knee and column type milling machine:升降台式铣床 slab milling平面铣削 face milling:端面铣削 knee:升降台 dividing head:分度头 duplex:双的 triplex:三个部分的 bed—type milling machine planer type milling machine:龙门式铣床 polygonal:多边形的,多角形的 planer:龙门刨床 shaper:牛头刨床 cross-rail:横梁 broaching machine:拉床 broach:拉刀 push broaching:推削 hydraulically: tapping:攻丝,攻螺纹 drill press:钻床 30. nonmetallic metallic criteria cast iron nonferrous metals classification abatement necessitate nodular nodular cast iron:铸铁 magnesium镁 cerium:铈 pinion:小齿轮 well balanced carbon steel:碳素钢 undue in preference to M through-hardening:全部硬化 inexpensiveness carburize:渗碳 cyanide:氰化物 nitride:氮化 flame hardening:火焰淬火 induction:引导,感应 induction-dardening:高频淬火 zinc worm wheel:蜗轮 worm gear:蜗轮装置 diecasting:压铸件 rawhide nylon:尼龙 dampen:阻尼 heat conductivity:导热率 thermoplastic:热塑性,塑性 resin:树脂 glass-fiber reinforcement endurance:耐用的 32. type of production 生产类型 mass production 大量生产 job-shop production: 单件,小批量生产 moderate 中批生产 prolonged lot:组,块 order:指令,规则 subcontractor multipurpose:通用的,多用途的 customize:定做 inherent in deviation:偏离,便移 basic size:基本尺寸 alphanumeric tightness:紧密性,松紧度 clearance fit:间隙配合 interference fit:过盈配合 envelop:包装 the shaft-basic and the hole-basis systems:基孔制和基轴制 capital letter:大写字母 lowercase letter:小写字母 tolerance grade:公差等级 tolerance zone:公差带 standardization:标准化规格化 fitter:装配工 fitting:装配 oscillatory:震动的,震荡的 transient:瞬时的,顺态的 purposeful impair:削弱,损害 weighty deem practitioner:专业人员 harmonic :谐波 resonance:共振,谐振 infinity:无限,无穷大 44. material handling:物料搬运 coordinate-measuring machine:坐标测量机 business performance:企业经营业绩 total quality management:全面质量管理 quantitative:数量的,定量的 qualitative theme design change:设计变更 brain power:脑力,智能 communication channel:信息通道 zero defect:无缺 normal distribution :正态分布 curve:正态曲线 process variation:加工偏差 lower specification limit:尺寸下限 upper specification limit;尺寸上限 process capability index:工序能力指数 self-directed:自我指导的,自主的 production process:生产过程 46. design drawing:设计图 interactive computer graphics:交互式计算机制图学 geometric modeling:几何建模 drawing board:绘图版 conceptualize:构思形成概念,产生想法 graphics screen:图形屏幕 library:库,程序库 paste:粘贴 labor –saving:省工 multiview:多视图 enlargement:放大 manipulate:处理,使用,利用 physical prototype:实体模型 48.Capitalize on:利用 manufacturing planning:制造计划 manufacturing process:制造过程 manufacturing step:公步 operation:工序 finished:完成的 allow for:考虑 machining rate:加工速度 heuristic:启发式,发展式 heuristic knowledge: 启发式知识 process planner:工艺设计人员 tabular:表格式的,列表的 suffice:足够,充分 standard process:典型工艺 coding:编译,译码 code number:代号,编码数 artificial intelligence:人工智能 formalize:使成正式 expert system:专家系统
Subsystem:子系统 centerpiece:主要特征 drive system:驱动系统 backlash:反向间隙 clime cutting:顺铣 drive motor:驱动电动机 ball screw:滚珠丝杠 hydraulic motor:液压马达 stepper motor:步进电机 servomotor:伺服电动机 feedback:反馈 alternating current:交流电 open loop:开环 closed loop:闭环 encoder :编码器 56. subdivide:细分,再分 tactile:触觉的,能触知的 tactile sensor:触觉传感器 touch senor:接触传感器 microswitch:微型开关 collision:碰撞 piezoelectric:压电的 strain gauge:应变仪 cement:胶结材料 compliant:应允的 proximity:接近 Proximity sensor:接近传感器 eddy:涡流,旋涡 eddy-current sensor:涡流传感器 acoustic:听觉的 acoustic sensor:听觉传感器 range senor:距离传感器 light-emitting diode:发光二极管 transmitter:发送器 photodiode:光敏二极管 stem from:由 产生 reflectance:反射,反射率 intrude:硬挤进,侵入 preprocess:预处理 frame capacitive:电容的 inductive:感应的 scanner:扫描器 identity:完全相同,本性 closed-loop sensing:检测,感觉 conveyor:输送设备 sparse:稀少的,稀疏的 58.refinement:提纯,明确表达 functional:功能的,起作用的 craft:技能,工艺 replication :重复,重现
Hot forming:热成型 ultimately:毕竟,决定 bulk:容积,体积大小 mass or bulk conserving:质量或体积不便 end product:最后产物,成品 drawing:拉,拔 rolling:滚轧 extruding:挤压成型 mold:模型,模具 cavity:空腔,孔穴 mold cavity:型模 trimming:整形,修整 intricate:复杂的,交叉的 shringkage:收缩,减少 springback:回跳,回弹 starting:起初的,原来的 cold work:冷加工 judicious:有见识的 as such:照这样 fuse:熔化 weldment:焊件 dhere:粘着 liquid jet-cut:液体射流切割 etch:蚀刻,腐蚀 62. thesis:主题,论点 chronological :按照年月顺序的 draft:草稿,草案 revise:修订,修改 proofread:校读,校定 proofing:证明,验算 highlight:精彩场合 word by word:逐字的 interfere with:打扰,妨碍 fluidity:流畅的,优雅的 distillation:蒸馏,蒸馏物 stand alone:独立的,孤立的 descriptive 描述的 rule of thumb :经验法则 uncertainty:不确定性 restate:重申 rendition:翻译 calibrate:校正,检查 CIM=Computer Integrated Manufacturing计算机集成制造