习题全解
I.
　 1)The writer went to the Aral Sea to search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis. What he saw there was hot dry sand.
　 2)It was the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier.
　 3)Scientists were monitoring the air several times a day to chart the course of the climate change.
　 4)Because the polar cap plays a crucial role in the world's weather system, the thinning of the polar cap might cause flood in many places of the world.
　 5)There are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America. The destruction of the Amazon rain forest will mean silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.
　 6)The writer calls noctilucent clouds"ghosts in the sky". As a result of pollution, the clouds occasionally appear when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness. And they appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere.
　 7)Because we are not yet awakened to take effective measures to deal with the climate change.
　 8)Carbon dioxide's ability to trap heat in the atmosphere causes global warming. Because global warming seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pat- tern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean cur- rents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.
　 9)The two key factors are human population and the scientific and technological development. The dramatic changes that have occurred in these two factors are a sudden and startling surge in human population and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution.
　 10)The writer's solution to our ecological problems is to reinvent and finally heal the relationship between human beings and the earth by carrying out a careful reassessment of all the {actors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship.

Ⅱ.
　 1)It was not at all possible to catch a large amount of fish.
　 2)Following the layers of ice in the core sample, his finger came to the place where the layer of ice was formed 2050 years ago.
　 3)keeps its engines running for fear that if he stops them, the metal parts would be frozen solid and the engines would not be able to start again
　 4)Bit by bit trees in the rain forest are felled and the land is cleared and turned into pasture where cattle can be raised quickly and slaughtered and the beef can be used in ham- burgers.
　 5)Since miles of forest are being destroyed and the habitat for these rare birds no longer exists, thousands of birds which we have not even had a chance to see will become extinct.
　 6)Thinking about how a series of events might happen as a consequence of the thinning of the polar cap is not just a kind of practice in conjecture (speculation), it has got practical Value.
　 7) We are using and destroying resources in such a huge amount that we are disturbing the balance between daylight and darkness.
　 8) Or have we been so accustomed to the bright electric lights that we fail to understand the threatening implication of these clouds.
　 9)To put forword the question in a different way
　 10)and greatly affect the living places and activities of human societies
　 ll)We seem unaware that the earth's natural systems are delicate.
　 12)And this continuing revolution has also suddenly developed at a speed that doubled and tripled the original speed.

Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.

IV.
　 1)transportation, imitation, destruction
　 2)encirclement, enrichment, enlightenment
　 3)postage, coinage, advantage
　 4)sharpness, boldness, smoothness
　 5)admission, concession, depression
　 6)productivity, sensitivity, desirability
　 7)posture, departure, indenture
　 8)independence, prudence, impudence
　 9)flagrancy, consistency, potency
　 10)analysis, metabasis, metamorphosis
　 ll)dictatorship, ownership, partnership
　 12)depth, length, birth

V.
　 1)technology 技术 　　　　 2)ecology 生态学
　 3)hydrology 水文学 　　　　4)phrenology 颅像学
　 5)neurology 神经病学 　　　　6)pathology 病理学
　 7)physiology生理学 　　　　8)pharmacology药理学
　 9)gynaecology妇科学 　　　　lO)oceanology海洋学
　 11)lexicology词汇学 　　　　 12)archaeology考古学
　 13)anthropology人类学 　　　　14)criminology犯罪学

Ⅵ．
　 1)anarchist无政府主义者
　 2)naturalist自然主义者
　 3)biologist生物学家
　 4)psychologist心理学家
　 5)satirist讽刺作家
　 6)encyclopaedist百科全书编纂者
　 7)geologist地质学家
　 8)sociologist社会学家
　 9)zoologist动物学家
　 lO)impressionist印象派艺术家
　 l1)environmentalist环境保护论者
　 12)terrorist恐怖主义分子

Ⅶ．
　 1)submarine潜水艇
　 2)submerge淹没，潜入水中
　 3)subantartic亚南极的
　 4)subsolar在太阳正下面的，赤道的
　 5)subhead小标题
　 6)subaquatic半水栖的
　 7)subdivide把……再分
　 8)suboxide低氧化物
　 9)subclass亚纲
　 lO) subclimax亚顶极群落
　 l1)subcommittee小组委员会
　 12)subconscious下意识的
　 13)subcontinent次大陆
　 14)subcontract转包合同
　 15)subculture亚文化群
　 16)subspecies亚种
　 17)subsoil 底土
　 18)sublethal ( 毒药的量等 ) 尚不致命的

Ⅷ.
　 inland sea, desert, core sample, glacier, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, polar ice cap, global warming, Amazon rain forest, species of birds, ecological balance, noctilucent cloud, methane gas, natural gas, landfills, coal mines, rice paddies, termites, biomass, upper atmosphere, elephants, greenhouse gases, water vapor, growing mountains of waste, acid rain, chlorine, human activities, heat-absorbing molecules, global climate equilibrium, winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, sea level, vegetative and animal life, etc.

IX.
　1)basic examples 　　2)unalterable 　　3)meeting 　　4)characterized strike against each other 　　 5)set up 　　6)see, attack 　　7)at the same time 　　8)balance 　　9)increasing, existence 　　10)task 　　ll)out-of-date

X.
　1)consequences 　　 2)results 　　3)results 　　4)outcome 　　5)results, 　　6)outcome 　　7)causes 　　8)causes 　　9)reason 　　10)reason 　　ll)relations 　　12)relationship 　　13) relations 　14)relationship 　　15)complex 　　16)complex 　　17)complicated 　　18)complex 　　19)simple 　　20)simplistic

XI.
　1)with 　　2)of 　　 3)on 　　4)of 　　5)in 　　6)in 　　7)against 　　 8)than 　　　9)of 　　lO)as 　　ll)as 　　12)with 　　13)of 　　14)of 　　　15)for 　　16)of

XII.
　 relationship, environment, garbage, what, endless, allow, that, dumping, dispose, drown, having, old, mind, running, waste, it, sight 11 recent, debates, disposal, ocean, elsewhere, confront, capacity, of, quantities, only, change, reduce, we, used, interdependent, chosen, unless, dramatically, thinking, humankind, inherit

XIII. Omitted.

XIV.
　 　　　　　　　　　　　　We Must Protect Our Ecological System
　 With the development of human civilization, man has created countless wonders, but at what a price! Our ecological sys-tem, on which all animals' existence depends, has been seriously damaged and is still being threatened. The earth's temperature is getting higher, more and more forests are being felled, large numbers of animals are facing extinction, and deserts are expanding at an incredible rate.
　 The causes for the worsening ecological system are manifold. Perhaps two of the major problems lie in people's pursuit of short-term interests with little attention to long-term interest sand their pursuit of individual interests rather than collective interests. In the first case, many lakes are filled to grow crops or even build houses; trees are cut down, only bare mountains stand cold in the wind and are capable of holding no water when it rains. In the second case, scenic spots become dirty and deserted because of newly established nearby factories producing waste water and air; industrial countries invest heavily in chemical factories in the Third World nations, keeping their own land relatively clean.
　 To solve the problems mentioned above, we should try our best to balance short-term interests with long-term ones by making long-term plans and taking as many things as possible into consideration. We're living today and are still to live tomorrow we and our posterity both have to live on the earth. Besides, Global action should be taken to protect our ecological system. People, eastern or western, rich or poor, should join their hands to prevent our ecological system from being further damaged. We have only one earth and we have to make it a better world.