第五部分 写作常用句型与过渡词语2
2. 表示承上启下、段落发展的句型
•My idea
opinion
view
reason
viewpoint
plan may be expressed as follows:
•We may cite
quote
mention
take
point out
have
possess an single
common
another
additional
extra
further example of
•The opinion
idea
view
theory may be supported
proved
born out by facts
details
statistics
the fact that
•There are various
many
different
several
a number of
a variety of
a great many effects
causes
reasons
implications
views
arguments for this sharp
dramatic
marked
significant
extraordinary decrease
fall
growth
change
decline
increase
in … Firstly …, Secondly …, Finally …,
例文
Every sword has two blades. Problems do exist in some college students' two-day weekend. Some Lazy students may spend most of the time sleeping, doing nothing else. Some may he addicted to playing cards, drinking, leaving their homework far away. Therefore, the two-day weekend can bring nothing useful to them.
•The answer to
explanation of this problem
phenomenon involves many
several
complex
complicated
interrelated factors
reasons
For one thing
Some , ... For another
Others ... Still another
Still others
例文(a)
The factors for a big rise in the teenage smoking are complex. Some attribute it to the increased standard of living which enables kids to have more pocket money than ever before. others place the blame on the neglectful parents who tolerate and sometimes even encourage their kids smoking. Still others complain of the sharp increase in cigarette advertising and tobacco imports which give young people easy access to Marlboro, Kent and Parliament. Whatever the causes, only particular external.
例文(b)
The advantage of the education system in Japan is that students there learn the social skill of cooperation. Another advantage is that they learn much more math and science than most American students. They also study more hours each day and more days each year than their North American counterparts do. The system is demanding, but it prepares children for a society that values discipline and self-control. There are, however, disadvantages. For one thing, many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information they memorized. For another, the extremely demanding system puts enormous psychological pressure on students, and is considered a primary factor in the high suicide rate among Japanese school-age children.
.Why is...?
例文
Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall's U.S. employees know two languages.
•Why have
are
did
…？ For one thing,
… .
One reason is … For another, …
Another reason is
…
•Perhaps the most important reason is ...
main
primary
crucial
essential
•It may result in a Lot of problems
give rise to host
lead to set
bring
create
•The Main reason for ... is ....
Leading cause
Underlying
Root
This will Lead to some serious consequences
Bring dreadful
Entail pernicious
Involve terrible
Cause horrible
Lead awful
Give rise to alarming
Bring about
• Additionally 此外，而且，另外
Moreover
What is more
Furthermore
In addition
Besides
Apart from
例文
We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocket book ... Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.
• However 可是，然而
Yet
Notwithstanding
Nevertheless
In contrast
例文
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat.
•To my surprise 让我感到……的是
delight
horror
• Due to the fact that因为……
Thanks to
Owing to
Because of
In view to
• On the grounds that 因为……
Because
Given
Considering
• As far as I see就我所知……
As much as
例文
"As much as I honor this award," Steve said, "there's someone who deserves it more than I do." The crowd fell silent. "Everything I accomplished this season, and everything the team accomplished, is thanks to one person." he turned to Michael. "Michael, you always said I was your hero, If I were half the man you are, I would be proud, because there is no doubt that you are my hero."
•not that ... , but that ... 不是因为……而是因为……
• succeed in doing sth. 做成某事
try successfully to do sth.
managed to do sth.
make it to do sth.
例文
I want to conduct my own defence in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We went along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher from school as a character witness. But he was never called to give evidence. My 'trial' didn't get that far. The magistrate dismissed the case after fifteen minutes. I was free. The poor police had never stood a chance. The solicitor even succeeded in getting costs awarded against the police.
• Given 如果……
Provided that
Providing that
As/So long as
On condition of
• There is every chance that ……很有可能
Chances are that
It is most likely that
It is probable that
There's no doubt that
例文
Given the obscure nature of the charge, I feel sure that if I had come from a different background, and had really been unemployed, there is every chance that I would have been found guilty.
•The increase mainly stems/result/arises/comes from the fact that ...
decline is chiefly cause by/because of/born of
change is largely due/owing/attributable to
success
failure
例文
The increase in social costs (e.g. environmental pollution, unemployment and unplanned urbanization) mainly results from the failure of people to include these variables in their calculations of cost efficiency. Such a failure is due, partially at least, to the fact that many industries or areas have not, until recently, been held accountable for these social costs.
•Perhaps the main reason is ...
primary
fundamental
most important
• A good case in point is ... 关于……一个比较好的例子是……
As ... , other ...
As ... but in addition
例文
A good case in point is the white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.
3．用于结尾的句型
• All in all , we can learn that ...
Therefore say
In one word know
On the whole be sure
To sum up maintain
In general advocate
Generally speaking
In conclusion
例文
To sum up, unchecked population growth is not merely an annoying problem exaggerated by pessimists who always worry about the future. It is, on the contrary, the most serious problem humanity faces today. Hunger and starvation, environmental destruction, and increasing human tensions and irritability — these are the certain results if we are not able to solve it.
•All available evidence goes to show that …
indisputable points to the fact that
reliable piles up to show that
striking lends support to the view that
statistical
•It is important that effective action should be taken to
necessary quick steps
essential proper measure
fundamental powerful remedies
more
deal with the problem
cope with tendency
prevent phenomenon
correct situation
check attitude
end state
fight conditions
circumstance
•No easy method can be taken to deal with
quick solution found cope with
new recipe at hand tackle
instant remedy guaranteed attack
effective way solve
immediate approach
significant means
step
measures
the problem of ... , but the public recognition of the necessity
general realization importance
common awareness significance
essence
of ... might be the first step towards ...
•All in all, it is hoped that persistent efforts should be made to
advised continuous
suggested unending
recommended consistent
maintained sustained
advocated corporate
persevering
curb the worsening situation of ...
check decline
halt increase
control rise
promote
•It is, therefore, apparent the job of ... involves
clear task demands
obvious issue requires
no surprising deserves
evident claims
no wonder
natural
self-evident
consider- attention
able efforts
immediate emphasis
great consideration
serious
wide
full-scale
•There is no doubt that attention must be paid to the problem of ...
denying called shortage
denial devoted development
given
例文
There is no doubt that adequate attention must be paid to the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighborhood of the him and the urban environment must offer as many recreation activities as possible. For an important part of time which we do not pass in sleeping or working is used for activities at and around home.
• From what's been discussed above safely arrive at
Taking into account all the factors we may reasonably come to
Judging from all evidence offered reach
craw
gain
the conclusion that ...
moral
• When comparing ...
Although doing something ... the conclusions are ...
White admitting that
when ...
例文
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
• Consequently
All in all,
As a final comment, 总之，
Finally, 结果，
A conclusion from is that 总而言之，
Hence 一言以蔽之，
As mentioned above, the only possibility
to ... would be ... 总的来说，
In summary,
To sum up,
On this background, it was concluded that
What is essential, however, is ... to be
In a word,
The result is dependent on
Thus, this is the reason why we must
In brief,
At last,
At length
In conclusion,
From this paint of view,
On account of this we can find that
To summarize,
As a result,
In short,
例文
In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.
put deplorable situation
•It is high time we urged an immediate undesirable phenomenon
end to the deep-seated tendency
unhealthy circumstance
terrible
例文
It is high time that we urged an immediate end to this deplorable phenomenon. Our colleges and universities should be more willing to shoulder their responsibilities to students and their families. But too often, these responsibilities have been evaded. This we cannot afford.
4．和词组有关的句型
cluster 可数
crowd
•a couple of 大批的，许多的，大量的
great many
good many
great variety of
flood of
great (large) choice
crew
flock
shower
heap
host
multitude of/multitudes of
handful 不可数
large sum
large mount
sea
world
a good supply of
a battery of
a series of
a succession of
• air one's viewpoint about sth. 对……发表观点
voice
• all of sudden 突然，
all the while 一直，始终，
all the year round 一年到头，
year in year out 洗耳恭听
all ears
•anything but决不，决不是，除……以外什么都是
例如：He is anything but a writer.他绝对不是一个作家。
apply one's mind to
• apply (address) oneself to
set one's mind to 全力以赴，专心致志
focus one's effort on
put one's effort
bend one's effort
concentrate one's effort on
• as far as ... be concerned
when it comes to 就……而言
in the case of
•As 词组： .
as many as (无具体意义） 例如：As many as 100 persons were killed in the air crash
as early as （表强调） I came here as early as 8 o'clock.
as often as
as much as He promised to write home as often as possible once he got there.（尽量多写信）
As for (只用于句首）， 至于，至于，关于
as to 就……而论
as regards
as a result
as a consequence
consequently
结果
as yet 到目前为止
as the saying goes 常言道
might as well 不妨
as it were 也就是说，即
as good as one's word 言行一致
as follows 如下
As occasion serves 一有机会，一有适当时机，方便的时候
As the matter stands 按照现状
As the case may be 看情况，根据具体情况
• as luck would have it
luckily
fortunately
幸运的是
As such 照此，就以这种身份（资格）
例如：He was a guest and was treated as such
Such as 诸如
例如：Such girls as he knew were teachers.
例如：Such being the case 事实既然如此
例如：Such ...as (定语从句）
Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.
Such as to/such that
例如：His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.
• on the point of
on the verge of
on the brink of
将要做……事情
• attach importance to
lay importance on
put importance on
put value on
view ...as important
make point of 认为……很重要
• Attain
Reach
Get
Arrive at
Achieve
one's goal
purpose
aim
view 达到……的目的
• be crammed with
be crowded with
be packed with
be jammed with 塞满了……
例如：His hard work is crowded with success. 他的艰苦工作终于取得了成功。
• come down in the world .破败，衰落
例如：His was once a millionaire, but now has come down in the world.
come up in the world 发迹，发财
例如：With such a big sum of money to support, he finally come up in the world.
come up with 想出来
例如：She has come up with better ideas to improve her previous plans.
came down with 生……病
例如：Stephen came down with a bad cold because he walked in the rain.
• give away
unfold
expose
indicate
index
exhibit
show
reveal 显示，表现
例如：Mother's burst into tears on Wednesday index her vulnerability.
• shed light on
throw light on,
help to explain sth.
解释
• Put ...into use
Make use of sth.
Employ
Take advantage of
Utilize
利用……
例如：I'd like to take advantage of this opportunity to express my profound thanks to you.
• be innocent of
be short of ...
lack
be in shortage of 没有，缺乏
•do without: 没……也行
例如：If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer.
make do with: 勉强凑合：She refuses to make do with the second best.
• be apt to
be prone to
have the tendency of
be inclined to
be liable to
易于，有……趋势
例如：His mother is liable to sea-sickness. 他母亲总是好晕船。
• be addicted to
indulge oneself in 沉湎于，沉浸于
• On + doing sth. —……就……：
例如：On entering the classroom, the teacher ...
•On hearing
coming
arriving
leaving
knowing
learning ,he...
•be seized with a sudden impulse to do sth。 突然心血来潮想做某事
例如：He is seized with a sudden impulse to go swimming immediately after lunch.
• Make sure that
See that
Make certain that
Be sure to do sth.
务必……一定……
例如：Make sure that you will never be late next time.
• on no account
in no time
in no case
under no circumstances
on no condition
决不
•
Pay a visit to
a call on
heed to
homage to
one's compliments to
respect
regard
honor to
拜访
注意
向……表示敬意，问好
•
out of danger
work
line
question
the question
condition
date
fashion
doors
favor
shape
失业，没有工作
不成一线，不符和
毫无疑问，不成问题
不可能
身体状况不好
失宠
变形
• beyond: beyond praise
beyond endurance
beyond description
beyond compare
beyond words
beyond one's income
beyond one's power
beyond me ( can't understand)
beyond my ken ( knowledge)
•but = which not:
例如：In our university, there's no one but knows him.
With much cruelties committed, there's nobody but hates him.
(因为犯下了如此罪行，没有人不恨他的。）
• under under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under
under pressure
threat
attack
a heavy load
weather =off color =come down with a bad cold.
生……病
way = being built
repair = being repaired
discussion = being discussed
sentence of (= sentenced to ) death
living under an assumed name
live under the impression that = have the idea, belief that :相信，认为
• smooth out
smooth over
overcome
conquer
bring ...under control
克服，战胜……
例文
Whole multitudes of difficulties never arose thanks to George's skill at smoothing over small conflicts before they became big, emotional and costly.
5 由形式主语it + that 引导的句子
在下面的句子中，it是形式主语，而真正的主语则是由“that" 引导的从句：
•It + 形容词+ that
It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.
重要的是，我们应该筹集到足够的资金来完成这项计划。
•It + 动词+ that 从句：注意这种结构翻译成汉语后的词序与英语有何不同：
(a) It moved us all to tears that he came to attend the meeting in spite of his illness.
他带病来参加会议，使我们感动得掉下泪来。
(b) But, it doesn't alter the fact that he was the man responsible for the death of the little girl.
但是，他应对这个小女孩的死负责任这一事实是怎么也改变不了的。
(c) It so happened that I failed to meet him over there as expected because the train was delayed by the heavy snow.
事情是这样的，火车因为积雪晚点，所以我来晚了。
(d) It suddenly occurred to Anne that money couldn't make up for all that Bob had suffered in the past five years.
安娜突然想到，钱不可能弥补鲍博在过去五年所受的苦。
•It + 名词 + that 从句
If Nancy keeps up her absence from class that way, it is our opinion that she will not be able to keep up with her studies.
如果南希继续这样缺课的话，我们认为她肯定跟不上功课。
It is a pity ( a shame、no wonder、strange ...) that he (should )fail to passed the test.
真可惜，他考试不及格。
• It + ed 分词形式+ that 从句
It has been thought and said that African are born with music and talent.
人们这样认为并且说，非洲人天生的就有音乐的天赋。
请注意下列句子的句型：即S + V + O + OC 句型：
His mother has made it clear that she is very proud for she has done a great deal for her country.
他妈妈很清楚地表明她因为自己为祖国作出了很大贡献而感到骄傲。
•有时，某些强调句形也是采用这种形式。
It is not how much you read but what you read that really matters.
重要的不是你读多少，而是你读什么。
It was not until 1925 that TV came into being.
直到1925年，电视才得以诞生。
下面的一些句子也是由“It”引导的无主句，也可以说是同位语从句：
Why is it that he fails to turn up as expected?
他为什么又没来？
像以上的这种结构类型，还有许多，例如：
•状语式结构
（a) it + 形容词+ that 从句
It is apparent that 很清楚
It is appropriate that 恰当的是，应该……
It is clear that... 很清楚
It is convenient to ……是很方便的
It is desirable that 要……，必须……
It is essential that 关键的是，必须……
It is evident that ……不言而喻
It is fortunate that... 幸运的是
It is impressive that 给人印象深刻的是
It is likely that... 很可能
It is necessary that... 有必要
It is nice that 好极了
It is possible that 很可能
It is preferable that ……是可取的
It is reasonable that ……是有道理的
It is strange that... ……很奇怪
It is unwise to ……是不明智的
（b) it + 动词+that 从句（连接状语）
It seems that ... 好像……，似乎……
It turns out that ... 结果是，结果证明
•正常谓语
It occurred to me that ... 我突然想到……
Take it for granted that .... ……是当然的
（c) it + 名词+ that 从句（状语）
It is a pity that 真可惜
It is an honor that ... 让人感到荣幸的是
It is coincidence that ... 恰巧的是
It is no accident that... 不无巧合
It is quite a (n) ...that... 很……
It is no wonder that ... 不奇怪
•与原文一致的表语
It is the case that ……是真的
It is no good that ……没有益处
•分词式结构
(a) 译时加主语
It is announced that 有人宣布说
It is expected that... 有人期望
It is argued that ... 人们争辩说
It is asserted that 他们保证说
It is stressed that 他们强调
It is stated that 有人说
It is noted that 有人注意到
It is objected that 他们反对
It is mentioned that 他们提到
It is confirmed that 他们证实说
(b) 不需要加主语
It is estimated that... 据估计
It is said that... 据说
It is supposed that 据猜想
It is well-known that... 众所周知
It is assumed that 据推测
综上所述，句型的练习对于写好一篇文章相当重要。如果一篇文章里的单词是“金玉良言”， 句型错落有致，各种典型句式比比皆是，篇幅的分配、逻辑也很理想，这样的文章肯定是佳作。因此抓住了词汇、句式、语篇这三方面的要领，就等于找到了写好文章的关键。
