Lesson 37 The Olympic Games
【New words and expressions】（9）
Olympic adj. 奥林匹克的
hold v. 召开
government n. 政府
immense adj. 巨大的
stadium n. 露天体育场
standard n. 标准
capital n. 首都
fantastic adj. 巨大的
design v. 设计
★Olympic adj. 奥林匹克的
the Olympic games 奥林匹克运动会（简称the Games，一般大型运动会用games)
★hold (held，held) v. 召开
① vt. 拿着，抓住，抱住
Please hold the bady while I take off my coat.
Why are you holding my bag?
② 容纳，装得下，包含
This cup can’t hold much water. 这杯子装不了多少水。
The stadium can hold 20,000 people.
③ 举行，进行（会议、会谈等）；庆祝（节日）；纪念
have a meeting = hold a meeting 召开会议
hold习惯用被动：
The Olympic games will be held in China in 2008. (two thousand eight)
A festival is held at Edinburgh every year. 节日庆典每年在爱丁堡举行一次.
We are going to hold a meeting tomorrow to discuss the subject.
明天我们准备开一次会来讨论这个议题.
The next conference will be held in Geneva. 下次会议将在日内瓦举行.
★immense [i5mens] adj. 巨大的
★fantastic adj. 巨大的
immense adj. 极大的, 无边的, 一望无际的
The universe is immense.
immense ocean
big adj.（一般的）大的
big man 大人物
large adj. 数量的大, 尺寸的大
large man 大块头
great adj. 伟大的, 重要的
great man 伟人
huge [hju:dV] adj.(体积的)巨大的, 庞大，极大的, 无限的
fantastic [fAn5tAstik] adj. 巨大的(建筑等，表惊叹)，好极的, 宏伟的
★stadium n. 露天体育场
playground n. 操场
sports field 运动场, 体育场（sports 各种各样的运动）
gymnasium [dVim5neiziEm, ^im5nB:ziEm]=gym [dVim] n. 健身房，体育馆；体育
篮球场 gym ；足球场 stadium
★standard n. 标准
high standard 高标准
Olympic-standard 奥林匹克标准(运动会中的最高标准)（复合形容词：形容词+名词）
★capital n. 首都
capital adj. 大写的, 重要的
capital punishment 极刑 (punishment [5pQniFmEnt] n.惩罚, 处罚, 惩处)
hot seat 电椅（国外的极刑）
★design v. 设计
① vt. &vi. 设计图样
George has designed a new bridge.
② vt. &vi. 打算（做……），计划
He designed to enter for the competition.
This book is designed for foreign tourist.
③ n. 图样，图纸；设计
Susan has just drawn a design for a new dress.
Here is the design of the new house.
designer n. 设计师
well－designed 设计不错的（复合形容词：副词+过去分词）
【Text】
The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years' time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool. They will also be building new roads and a special railway line. The Games will be held just outside the capital and the whole area will be called 'Olympic City'. Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium. The fantastic modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.
参考译文
4年以后, 奥林匹克运动会将在我们国家举行. 由于将有大批的人到我们国家来, 所以政府准备建造一些新的饭店、一个大型体育场和一个新的奥运会标准游泳池. 他们还将修筑一些新的道路和一条铁路专线. 奥运会就在首都市郊举办, 整个地区将被称作 “奥林匹克城” . 工人们将在今年年底前把新路铺好; 到明年年底, 他们将把新体育场建成. 这些巨大的现代化建筑是由库尔特·冈特设计的. 大家都将急切地注视着新建筑的建成. 我们都非常激动, 盼望着奥运会的到来, 因为在这个国家里还从未举办过奥运会.
【课文讲解】
1、The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years' time.
in four years’ time 四年之后（in常与将来时连用表示“……时间之后”）
He will be back in ten minutes or half an hour.
four years later 四年后
four years ago 四年前
2、As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool.
as/because原因，as是连词，引出原因状语从句，as用于表示原因时通常位于句首，它所表明的原因对于讲话对象可能是已知的，因此没必要再予以强调。because任何时候都可代替as，来说明一种或几种原因，但as则不一定总能代替because。because一般跟在主句后面，强调讲话的对象可能不知道的原因。
As you can’t type the letter yourself, you’ll have to ask Susan to do it for you.
Jim’s trying to save more money because he wants to buy a car.
a large number of people = a great many people 大批的人
an immense stadium 一个大型体育场
a new Olympic-standard swimming pool 一个新的奥运会标准的游泳池
3、They will also be building new roads and a special railway line.
be building 修建
a special railway-line 专线铁路
4、Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
by the end of this year 到今年年底前
by the end of next year 到明年年底前
by是完成时的标志, 表示“到……为止，在……之前，并不晚于某时的任何时间”，不能与表示一段时间的名词名词连用，只能与表示时间点的名词或词组连用，用于肯定句与用于否定句有一定区别。
I’ll have left by Monday. 到星期一我将已离开。（星期一之前的任何时间）
I won’t have left by Monday. 我星期一之前不会离开。 （星期一还在）
5、Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up.
as是连词，相当于while，当“当，正值”讲，引出时间状语从句，它引导的从句虽然表示将来的动作但要用一般现在时，不能用 “…will go up”
be built强调建造；go up （建筑物）被兴建起来，拔地而起
Many new houses are going up in this district.
6、We are all very excited and are looking forward to the Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.
look forward to+n./pron./doing sth. (很高兴的)盼望，期待
look forward to…与expect(期待)的区别是expect没有高不高兴的成分
Look forward to your letter.
【Letter Writing】
在信的地址下面必须写上完整的日期。日期有两种写法，如：17th April, 19-；April 17th 19-，数字写法如下：1st（1日）；2nd（2日）；3rd（3日）；4th（4日）等。
【Key structures】
一般将来完成时
一般将来时除了可以用来预言将来发生的事以外，还可以表示“意愿”，如允诺、建议、请求、提议等。
The radio hasn’t been mended yet. Never mind! I’ll mend it for you. （允诺）
Will you open the door for me please! （请求）
Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? （建议）
将来进行时除了表示最近或不久的将来正在进行的动作外，还可以表示计划或安排好的事：
A great many people will be visiting the country.
将来完成时用于表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作。将来完成时由will have+过去分词构成。它常与by和not…till/until+表示时间的名词连用。
I hope they’ll have finished it in time for the journey.
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
I will have finished it until/till tomorrow.
现在完成式 : 到现在某一点时间为止
过去完成式 : 到过去某一点时间为止
将来完成式 : 到将来某一点时间为止, 某个动作已经发生
【Special Difficulties】
Look的短语
Look forward to (expect with pleasure) (高兴地)盼望，期待着（to为介词后面只能跟名词、代词和动名词，不能接动词原形）
I am looking forward to the summer holidays. 我正盼望暑假的到来.
I look forward to seeing to you during the weekend.
Look out (be careful) 当心 (注意)，留神
Look out! A bus is coming. 当心点, 公共汽车来了.
You should always look out when you walk across a road.
Look out of 朝外看
Don’t look out of the window.
Look up
① (get information from a reference book) 查阅 (从参考书中获取资料)
I don't understand this word. I shall look it up in a dictionary.
我不懂这个词的词义, 我要查一下字典.
② (visit) 拜访，看望
Don't forget to look me up when you return. 回来时别忘了来看我.
I’m going to look up Mary this afternoon.
Exercise 练习 用hold或look的正确形式填空 :
4 The students' union ______ an interesting debate on capital punishment yesterday.
5 My friend Ingrid lives in Stockholm. Why don't you ______ her______ when you're there?
6 Examinations will be ______ next week. I'm not ______ them.
4. held
debate on … 辩论…… （debate [di5beit] v. 争论, 辩论；n. 争论, 辩论）
union [5ju:njEn] n. 联合，合并，结合，联盟，协会
口语过程三步：dialogue(对话)；discussion(讨论)；debate(争论)
capital n. 首都；大写
5. look (her) up
look (sb.) up : 拜访, 看看, 在英文中并不一定是很正式的, 只是去看看的意思
6. held；looking forward to
hold an exam 举行考试
take the exam 接受考试
【Multiple choice questions】
4 By the end of next year they will have finished the new stadium. This means they will finish it ___b___ the end of next year.
a. at b. before c. after d. long before
by=before 到……为止, 在……之前, 不迟于
long before 在之前很久
7 We are looking forward to the Olympic Games, ___a___ they have never been held before in this country.
a. for b. why c. because of d. due to
because强调后面的是原因，后跟句子
because of 因为……（介词短语，不会加句子）
why不能直接做连词
due to + 名词 由于……（介词短语，不会加句子）
His success is due to his hard work.
12 We are looking forward to the Games. So we will be ___a___ when they begin.
a. pleased b. unhappy c. sorry d. impatient
be pleased 感到高兴地, 令人满意地
be pleased to do sth. 乐于做某事
impatient [im5peiFEnt] adj. 不耐烦的, 急躁的, 不耐心的
Lesson 38 Everything except the weather
【New words and expressions】（6）
except prep. 除了
Mediterranean n. 地中海
complain v. 抱怨
continually adv. 不断地
bitterly adv. 刺骨地
sunshine n. 阳光
★Mediterranean[7meditE5reinjEn] n. (the ~)地中海
Mediterranean n.地中海（=Mediterranean sea, 位于欧, 亚, 非三大洲之间），地中海沿岸的居民；adj. 地中海的, 地中海民族的
★complain v. 抱怨
complain to sb. 向某人抱怨
complain of/about sth. 抱怨某事
★continually [kEn5tInjJElI] adv. 不断地
continually adv. 连续地, 频繁地(时断时续)
The baby cry continually.
continuously [kEn5tInjJEslI] adj. 连续不断地
continue [kEn5tinju:] v. 继续, 连续, 延伸
★bitterly adv. 刺骨地
bitterly disappointed 彻底的失望 （disappoint [7disE5pCint] vt.使失望）
I am bitterly disappointed.
bitterly cold 刺骨地寒冷
It’s bitterly cold. （chilly adj. 寒冷的）
★sunshine n. 阳光
也可直接用 “sun” 表示阳光
a drop of sunshine 一缕阳光 （a drop of 一缕）
【Text】
My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock. He acted as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more than he could bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. The dream he had had for so many years ended there. Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.
参考译文
我的老朋友哈里森在回到英国以前曾多年居住在地中海地区。过去他常幻想退休后到英国，并计划在乡间安顿下来。他刚一回到英国便买下了一幢房子住了进去。但紧接着他就开始抱怨那里的天气了。因为即使那时仍为夏季，但雨总是下个不停，而且常常冷得厉害。在阳光下生活了那么多年的哈里森对此感到惊奇。他的举动就好像他从未在英国生活过一样。最后，他再也忍受不住，还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。他多年来的幻想从此破灭。哈里森把每件事情都考虑到了，唯独没想到天气。
【课文讲解】
1、He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
dream of… 想, 梦见(梦想)，幻想，向往
Frank used to dream of having a car of his own.
think of… 想(思维的活动), 考虑
settle down 定居，安身，安顿
After two years of traveling, I want to settle down now.
2、He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
no sooner…than… 一……就……（关联词，引导时间状语从句，主句里常用过去完成时，than后面的从句用一般过去时），相同用法的还有as soon as，the moment，on doing
had no sooner done…than +一般过去时, 固定用法 (时态结构 : 完成时态 + than + 一般过去时)
He had no sooner arrived than he called me up.
no sooner放在句首就要倒装
No sooner had he arrived than he called me up. (倒装)
3、Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
almost immediately 几乎马上, 很快地 (时间上的快, 常用于写作)
for（连词）表示因为(解释说明, 附加的)＝because因为（一定要说的原因），for与because不同，不能用于句首，并且在for后面必须重复主语：
I don’t have a car, for I can’t afford it.
even though =even if 即使，虽然（引导让步状语从句）
Even though I came here, my mind was absent. 尽管我人来了, 但我还是心不在焉
4、After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock.
so many years 这么多年
after it rained for days = after so many days of rain 在这么多天雨之后
After seven years of hard work, he was successful.
After ten years of staying in abroad, he decided to return and settle down.
got a shock 吓了一跳, 吃了一惊
5、He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
as if+句子 似乎, 好像（引导表示方式的状语从句，如果从句为过去完成时则是虚拟语气，描述与事实相反, 后面的条件是假的）
He acted as if he was poor. (as if 后是真是假, 应根据上下文来看)
My leg hurts as if it was broken.
连词as if/though引导方式状语从句，通常跟在描述行为举止的动词之后，如act，appear，feel，look，smell，sound等后面：
She acted as if she were mad. （虚拟语气）
It feels as if/though it’s going to rain.
6、In the end, it was more than he could bear.
more than在这里表示“超过……的范围”
This piece of news is more than I can believe.
It was more than I could understand.
I can't affard it. ＝ It was more than I can affard.
这种用法与它通常表示“比……更多”的用法稍有不同：
There were more than ten people in the room.
7、He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
hardly…when… 还没来得及……就……，用法同no sooner…than
hardly had sb. done when… (hardly在句首, 要倒装)
He had hardly opened his eyes when he was knocked out.（knock out : 打晕, 击倒）
have time to do sth. 有时间做某事
I have no time to talk with you. 我没时间和你说话
I have time enough to have coffee. 我有足够的时间喝咖啡
【Composition】
1 He bought an old car. It was in a very bad state.(but)
2 The engine was worn out. The gearbox was full of sawdust. (The engine…not only…but…as well)
3 He could not drive it. He could no sell it. He could not even give it away. (neither…nor…nor)
1. in a bad state 状态不太好
though 虽然, even though＝even if 即使，这些词出现在两句之间, 就不再加but，
2. The engine was not only worn out but the gearbox was full of sawdust.
worn out 破旧不堪的
engine [5endVin] n. 发动机, 机车, 火车头
gearbox [5^iEbCks] n. 变速箱
sawdust [5sC:dQst] n. 锯屑, 木头屑子 （saw [sC:] n. 锯；v. 锯）
not only出现在句首要倒装,一般不会放在句首
3. He could neither drive it nor sell it nor even give it away.
He could neither drive it nor sell it even nor give it away. (这样写更好)
neither do sth. nor do sth. nor do sth. 既不能也不能更不能
【Letter writing】
日期：每年下列月份写出全称：3月，4月，5月，6月和7月，剩余的月份写成：Jan. (1月)；Feb. (2月)；Aug. (8月)；Sept. (9月)；Oct. (10月)；Nov. (11月)和Dec. (12月)。
【Key structures】
过去完成时
过去完成时经常与一般过去时连用，表示过去某个动作发生前完成的动作。与过去完成时连用的表示时间的词或词组有when，after，as soon as，(not) until，by that time，(never) before，already，for，since，just，no sooner…than，hardly…when等。过去完成时不能与副词ago连用（ago只能与一般过去时连用）。
He hadn’t finished it by yesterday evening. 到昨天晚上他还没做完。
I’d never flown a plane at all until I flew this one!
在驾驶这架飞机之前我从来没有驾驶过飞机！
【Special Difficulties】
No sooner…than and Hardly…when
no sooner…than (一……就……)；hardly…when (几乎未来得及……就……)这两组连词意义都和as soon as相近，但比as soon as正式。它们通常都与过去完成时连用。当no sooner和hardly位于句首时，后面的主谓结构都要颠倒顺序，即句子变为no sooner/hardly +助动词 +主语 +动词形式的语序。
No sooner had he begun speaking than he was interrupted. 他刚一开始讲话就被打断了。
Hardly had he got into the bus when it began moving.
Country and Countryside
country n. 国家，祖国；乡下（做“乡下”讲时常与the连用）
Which country do you come from?
He had planned to settle down in the country.
countryside n. 农村地区（强调景色），乡下
The countryside around Vienna is very beautiful. 维也纳周围的乡村非常漂亮.
I grew up in the countryside.
Continuously and Continually
continuously adv. 不断地，连续地（指动作中间没有间断）
You mustn’t watch TV for such a long time continuously.
This plane can fly continuoulsly for twenty hours.
continually adv. 频繁地，反复地（指动作中间有间断但又持续很久）
It rained continually. 天频繁地下雨。
The river flows under this bridge continuously. 河水不停地从桥下流过.
【Multiple choice questions】
4 He acted ___a___ he had never lived in England before.
a. as though b. like c. as d. even if
as if ＝ as though 作宾语，act as if/though习惯用法
as 后面可以加句子, like 后面加词, as if 加在后面只能作状语，even if 即使
5 It was more than he could bear. He couldn't bear it ___c___.
a. more b. longer c. any longer d. no more
not any more = not any longer = not any further 不再
not more ＝ less 比……少
not longer 不是更长
11 He___d___ as if he had never lived in England before.
a. made b. did c. conducted d. behaved
do as I did 按我所做的做
seem as if 看起来象……
act as if 行为象……一样
look as if 看起来象……一样
conduct＝behave可以做动词，表示行为，但conduct为不及物动词, 如果作及物动词, 加oneself
He conducted himself well. 他表现的很好
He behaved (as) well.
